Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences

SOIL DEGRADATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ARMED CONFLICT: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2025-10-27T08:34:58+02:00

The large-scale military invasion of Ukraine has triggered an environmental crisis, dramatically intensifying pre-existing processes of soil degradation and introducing new threats to soil health, ecosystem function, and national food security. This review is highly relevant given the unprecedented scale of military disturbance, the diversity of affected landscapes, and the far-reaching impacts on agricultural production and ecological stability. The purpose of this work is to comprehensively synthesize current Ukrainian and international research on the impacts of military activities on soils, focusing on the mechanisms and feedbacks underlying war-related degradation. Methods include systematic literature analysis, integration of field and remote sensing data, and case study evaluation. The review analyzes four key dimensions of soil system change: physical disturbance (compaction, erosion, cratering), chemical contamination (heavy metals, explosives, oil products), biological decline (loss of microbial and plant diversity), and social disruption (land abandonment, reduced productivity, risks to livelihoods). The results show that warfare accelerates soil degradation through multiple interacting pathways, leading to cumulative impacts and the risk of ecological “regime shifts,” where soils lose resilience and recovery potential. Scientific novelty is provided by an integrated conceptual framework that explicitly connects physical, chemical, biological, and social feedbacks, drawing on both Ukrainian and international evidence.The practical significance lies in identifying major knowledge gaps and highlighting the urgent need for interdisciplinary, systems-based monitoring and adaptive management. The model and recommendations are applicable not only to Ukraine, but to all regions facing environmental impacts of armed conflict, and can inform evidence-based policy and restoration strategies.

IMPROVING SYSTEMS FOR FORECASTING AND REGULATING ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF ZAPORIZHZHIA UNDER UNFAVORABLE METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

2025-10-27T08:59:24+02:00

The article examines the problem of forecasting and regulating air pollution levels in the city of Zaporizhzhia during unfavorable meteorological conditions (UMC). Zaporizhzhia, a city with a full range of heavy metallurgical industries, lies in climatic zones prone to UMC, which hinder the dispersion of harmful substances, leading to the accumulation of industrial emissions in residential areas. Currently, a pressing problem in the city is the deterioration of air quality. The level of atmospheric air pollution during UMC increases significantly and reaches peak annual values. In combination with the hot temperature regime, this impact harms the health of the population. An extreme impact of industrial emissions on the respiratory and visual organs has been identified, as well as a high level of hazard indices concerning the cardiovascular and immune systems. The impact on congenital developmental disorders, the central nervous system, blood, and parenchymal organs is at an average level. A critical role in regulating emissions and organizing control is played by the lack of feedback from polluting enterprises regarding specific measures taken to reduce emissions during UMC. Air quality regulation during periods of UMC is carried out exclusively within the framework of measures stipulated by emission permits for only a portion of enterprises (45 enterprises). These enterprises are included in the list required to implement atmospheric air protection measures during UMC, according to Decision No. 263 of the Zaporizhzhia City Council. In the city, there is no prompt system for informing the population about periods of high pollution levels, nor any recommendations regarding precautionary and preventive actions. The study confirms the necessity of aligning the regulatory legal acts KD 52.9.4.01-09 “Methodological Guidelines for Forecasting Meteorological Conditions for the Formation of Air Pollution Levels in Ukrainian Cities” and RD 52.04.52-85 Methodological Guidelines “Regulation of Emissions during Unfavorable Meteorological Conditions” with the existing permitting system. Possible short-term and strategic management solutions are proposed for forecasting and regulating atmospheric air pollution in the city of Zaporizhzhia during UMC.

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER FROM THE MALA PUTYATYNKA RIVER: ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL SAFETY

2025-10-27T09:06:20+02:00

Research on the water quality of small rivers is an important aspect of assessing the ecological state of water resources, as they play a significant role in maintaining the natural balance. The growth of urbanization, industrialization and increased agricultural production cause significant anthropogenic load on water bodies, which leads to changes in the chemical composition of water and aggravation of the pollution problem. The Malaya Putyatynka River, which is a left tributary of the Teteriv River,is significantly affected by economic activity, which is accompanied by changes in its hydrochemical composition, accumulation of pollutants and a decrease in its ability to natural self-purification.A significant part of the river bed has been transformed, which limits natural self-purification processes, and the ingress of domestic and industrial wastewater creates potential environmental risks for the region.The assessment of the ecological state of the river was carried out on the basis of physicochemical and microbiological analysis of water samples that were taken in accordance with methodological requirements. The research methodology was based on determining key hydrochemical indicators, such as pH, turbidity, alkalinity, total hardness, concentration of biogenic compounds, content of heavy metals, as well as the level of permanganate oxidation. The analysis showed significant deviations in water quality indicators, which indicates a strong anthropogenic impact. It was found that the ammonium concentration was 5.72 mg/dm³, which significantly exceeds the regulatory values, which may be a consequence of household or industrial wastewater entering the water body. Permanganate oxidation reached 8.08 mgO₂/dm³, which indicates a high level of organic pollution. The concentrations of chlorides and sulfates were 115 mg/dm³ and 88 mg/dm³, respectively, which also exceeds the regulatory values and indicates a significant chemical load.Microbiological analysis showed significant bacterial contamination, in particular, the total number of coliform bacteria in the studied samples was 3×10³ CFU/100 ml, which significantly exceeds the standards established for recreational and domestic drinking water bodies. The results obtained indicate a high level of organic and bacterial contamination, which creates risks for the biological diversity of the aquatic ecosystem, and may also pose a threat to public health. The analysis of the dynamics of pollution after recording the discharge of pollutants showed that a week after its cessation, a partial improvement in water quality was observed, in particular a decrease in the concentrations of biogenic elements. This indicates the presence of self-purification mechanisms of the river, but their effectiveness is significantly limited due to the high load of pollutants. The results obtained confirm the significant impact of pollution on the river and emphasize the need to improve the environmental monitoring system and implement environmental protection measures to minimize the negative impact on the ecosystem. It was found that the natural potential of the river for self-purification is limited, which may lead to long-term degradation of the ecosystem if current pollution trends persist. The data obtained are of practical importance for the development of effective environmental protection measures aimed at improving the condition of small rivers within urbanized areas. The introduction of modern methods of wastewater treatment, increased control over economic activities and improvement of the monitoring system will reduce the level of anthropogenic load and contribute to the restoration of the river's ecosystem balance.

ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR EARLY WARNING OF WATER POLLUTION

2025-10-27T09:10:34+02:00

Water pollution is one of the most critical global environmental problems of our time, which has far-reaching consequences for the biosphere and humanity. This phenomenon is characterized by a change in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water, which makes it unsuitable for consumption and disrupts the functioning of natural ecosystems. The main anthropogenic sources of pollution are industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater, agricultural activities. All this poses a significant threat to the health of ecosystems and people.Comprehensive ecotoxicological studies are used to assess the level of pollution and the impact of pollutants on biotic systems. Daphnia (Daphnia magna) is recognized as a standard test model in bioassays due to its high sensitivity to changes in water quality, short life cycle and ease of cultivation.Studies focus not only on fertility and mortality rates, but also on modifications of motor activity, which is an extremely sensitive indicator of stress. Analysis methods include video monitoring and quantitative assessment of swimming parameters (speed, distance traveled, immobility/activity time, frequency of direction changes, spatial distribution, response to light/darkness).Analysis of scientific publications confirms the considerable interest in the behavior of Daphnia as an early warning alarm system. Changes in swimming speed, movement pattern (chaotic, sinking movements) or vertical migration occur long before lethal effects. Studies show that different pollutants(heavy metals, dyes, microplastics, herbicides) cause specific “behavioral profiles”, which allows toidentify the mechanisms of action of toxicants on the nervous or endocrine systems.The high correlation between swimming behavior and pollutant concentration was found, emphasizing the practical significance of these studies for biomonitoring and ecotoxicological assessment of water resources. Daphnia are used in early biological warning monitoring systems for rapid testing of drinking water quality. Changes in their behavior can have cascading effects on the entire freshwater ecosystem, affecting food webs and the functioning of the reservoir. This lays the foundation for the development of a comprehensive technology for rapid detection of aquatic toxicity.

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METAL ION CONTENT IN SOILS TRANSFORMED AS A RESULT OF EXPLOSIONS

2025-10-27T09:15:36+02:00

The current environmental situation in Ukraine has significantly deteriorated due to the full-scale war that began in 2022. One of the urgent areas of modern research is the study of the consequences of military actions on the environment, particularly the level of soil contamination with toxic elements. Of special concern are heavy metals released into the environment as a result of explosions of ammunition, destruction of military equipment, ammunition depots, chemical facilities, and infrastructure. Given the high mobility and persistence of such pollutants, research into their concentrations in soils of combat zones is extremely important both for environmental monitoring and public health protection.The aim of this study is to determine the concentrations of heavy metal ions (Cd², Pb², Cu², Zn², Ni², Co²) in soil samples collected from areas affected by explosions of military ordnance and to assess the contamination levels and potential ecological risks. To achieve this objective, modern analytical methods were used: atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for quantitative metal determination, potentiometric pH measurement, and gravimetric analysis for additional sample characterization. Soil samples weresubjected to acid extraction to obtain mobile metal forms, which reflects their bioavailability.The analytical results showed that certain soil samples exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for lead, cadmium, and copper. In contrast, nickel, zinc, and cobalt concentrations remained significantly below regulatory limits. Some samples showed no detectable levels of specific metals, reflecting the heterogeneity of contamination and the strong influence of local factors.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the assessment of the specific impact of military activities on the quantitative content of heavy metal ions in soil within a defined area affected by explosions.The results confirm the hypothesis regarding the mobilization of heavy metals due to warfare and provide a basis for comparison with background levels in other regions. The practical significance of the research lies in the potential use of the data for environmental monitoring, health risk assessment, and the development of measures for the remediation of contaminated areas.The findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the environmental consequences of warfare in Ukraine, complementing previous studies conducted in Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, and Kherson regions, where localized exceedances of toxic metal concentrations in soils were also observed. Therefore, this work adds to the understanding of the environmental impacts of war and serves as a foundation forfurther research in this field.

METHODOLOGICAL AND PROCEDURAL FOUNDATIONS OF FOREST MONITORING IN UKRAINE

2025-10-27T09:51:58+02:00

The analysis of the evolution of the forest monitoring system in Ukraine reveals a prolonged and ambiguous process of forming the institutional, methodological, and organizational framework, which unfolded amid the complex socio-economic development of the state. Since the 1990s, Ukraine has gradually adapted its national approaches to forest condition monitoring in accordance with European environmental standards and methodologies. A crucial role in this process was played by Ukraine's participation in the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (UNECE ICP Forests), which became a key reference point in the development of the ecological monitoring system for forest ecosystems.In the initial stages of the program's implementation, there was active involvement of domestic research institutions, particularly institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and specialized universities, in the creation of a national network of permanent monitoring plots. Later, as the program expanded, production structures also became actively involved in the monitoring process, including the State Forest Inventory Association "Ukrderzhlisproekt", state forestry enterprises, and regional departments of forestry and hunting management.However, the monitoring of critically important environmental parameters remained particularly vulnerable, especially the chemical composition of atmospheric air, soil contamination by toxic metals, soil acidity, and the physico-chemical characteristics of soil water. These indicators were largely neglected due to a lack of necessaryresources, which reduced the representativeness, scientific reliability, and comparability of Ukraine’s data withthat of other European countries.At the national level, this has resulted in the loss of capacity to promptly respond to challenges such as forest degradation, declining biodiversity, the impacts of industrial pollution, and changing climate conditions. At the international level, it has led to violations of Ukraine’s obligations under frameworks such as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, a decline in trust in Ukraine as an environmental partner, and the loss of opportunities to participate in international nature conservation and climate finance initiatives.Therefore, the restoration and modernization of Ukraine's forest monitoring system must become a priority of environmental policy. This requires political will, integration of domestic scientific potential, international technical assistance, and the establishment of a stable financial base to ensure continuous monitoring. Only under these conditions will Ukraine be able to return to active participation in European environmental initiatives and ensure an appropriate level of protection for its forest ecosystems.

GEOSPATIAL FEATURES OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF SOIL AND LAND RESOURCES OF KHMELNITSKY REGION

2025-10-27T10:00:42+02:00

This article is dedicated to researching the geospatial features of the ecological state of soil and land resources in Khmelnitsky region. The relevance of this study stems from the need for a comprehensive assessment of the ecological condition of soil and land resources in Khmelnitsky region amidst increasing anthropogenic pressure. The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the geospatial features of the ecological state of soil and land resources in Khmelnitsky region last to develop scientifically sound recommendations for their rational use and conservation.The paper analyzes the modern structure of the region’s soil cover, focusing on identifying land use peculiarities. Key factors influencing the condition of the region’s soil and land resources have been determined. A comprehensive analysis of ecological indicators characterizing fertility, ecological resilience, and ecological stability was conducted, which enabled the visualization of the spatial distribution of ecological problems.The research results revealed regional differences in the ecological state of soil and land resources, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Based on the conducted study, it was found that the ecological resilience and ecological stability of land resources largely depend on the structure of land use, the level of plowing, and the areas of ecologically stabilizing lands. The research results demonstrate the highest plowing rates in the central part of the region (71,7%) and low indicators of ecological stability (Kes = 0,32) and ecological resilience (Kes = 0,38). The northern part of the region has lower plowing rates of land resources (47,7%), significant forest cover, and consequently a higher level of ecological stability (Kes = 0,44) and ecological resilience (Kst = 1,31).The scientific novelty lies in the development and application of a comprehensive geospatial approach to assessing the ecological state of soil and land resources at the regional level. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in their potential use for developing and implementing effective measures for the protection and rational use of land resources, spatial planning, environmental monitoring, and forming strategies for sustainable development in Khmelnitsky region last.

THE ІMPACT OF WINTER PIT CLOSURE TECHNOLOGY ON THE AGROCHEMICAL STATE OF SOIL UNDER TREE PLANTINGS IN THE URBAN CONDITIONS OF VINNYTSIA

2025-10-27T10:04:15+02:00

Tree plantings play a significant role in urban development and the improvement of human settlements. They are one of the key tools for enhancing the living conditions of residents in cities, towns, and villages. These plantings contribute to improving the microclimate and increasing the aesthetic appeal of the architectural environment. Green zones serve essential functions aimed at ensuring a comfortable urban life.In modern urban planning, the interaction between the natural environment and urban infrastructure is considered a fundamental aspect of a city’s development, regardless of its size. Therefore, green plantings are viewed as integral structural elements of urban space. They play a crucial role in the organization of territories by forming compositional centers, separation zones, and framing residential areas.Undoubtedly, in order to ensure the healthy growth and development of trees, it is necessary to create favorable growth conditions, which include not only proper care but also the consideration of external factors, particularly technogenic influences. The agrochemical state of the soil is of great importance and is significantly influenced by the applied maintenance technologies, especially the method of winter pit closure.This approach helps preserve soil moisture, reduce erosion processes and the impact of low temperatures, and ensures better conditions for the root systems of trees in urban environments.This article examines the impact of winter pit closure technology on the agrochemical state of soil under tree plantings. The study was conducted to assess changes in the main agrochemical indicators of the soil as a result of applying the winter pit closure method. It was found that the winter pit closure technology helps reduce moisture loss, stabilize the temperature regime of the root system, and maintain soil fertility.The research results showed that the use of closed pits during the winter period significantly reduces soil salinity levels. The most notable reductions were observed in the most saline locations: on Soborna Street and Pirogova Street, salinity levels decreased by 75,3 and 73%, respectively.On Zamostianska Street, where salinity levels were within normal limits, winter pit closure allowed for a 37% reduction in soil salt content. On Poryka Street, where salinity was low, the salt content in the soil decreased by 28,7% due to the closure of pits for the winter period.

ACER NEGUNDO L. INVASIONS INTO DISTURBED ECOSYSTEMS OF MINING SITES IN THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINIAN POLISSYA

2025-10-27T10:08:14+02:00

The publication is devoted to the current topic – the transformation of natural aboriginal ecosystems by invasive plants. The work aims to study the distribution of Acer negundo in plant communities of Ukrainian Polissya and its role in their transformation in the territory of open mining operations.Following the aim, the following tasks were set: to establish the phytocenotic diversity of plant communities in the flora of which Acer negundo is present; to determine the syntaxons formed due to the transformation of aboriginal ecosystems by the invasion of Acer negundo; to analyze the phytocenotic diversity of communities with the participation of Acer negundo. As a result of the study, it was found that Acer negundo occurs in 33 associations of 15 classes of plant communities. This is 9,9% of all associations and 45,5% of all vegetation classes. The species is described in 119 descriptions, which is 3,8% of their total number. The total number of descriptions in 33 associations, in the flora of which Acer negundo occurs, is 787 units. Therefore, the share of descriptions affected by the invasion for these associations is 15%. Acer negundo penetrates into disturbed ecosystems of mining facilities at the early stages of the self-renewal of natural vegetation. Single juvenile individuals of the species are found in the associations Agropyretum repentis, Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris, Berteroёtum incanae Hyoscyamo nigri-Conietum maculati, and Echio-Verbascetum of the Artemisietea vulgaris class. Complete transformation of the ecosystem by Acer negundo invasion leads to the formation of the Chelidonio- Aceretum negundi association, which belongs to the Robinietea class of the Chelidonio-Robinietalia pseudoacaciae order of the Chelidonio-Acerion negundi alliance. The situation with the lack of control over invasive species by transformers that are not included in the quarantine lists requires an immediate solution at the legislative level. Changes in legislation are especially relevant and necessary against the backdrop of full-scale military operations, which contribute to the intensification of the spread of invasive species.

PROCESSES OF ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY THE SURFACE OF COPPER-YTTRIUM GARNET

2025-10-24T15:56:48+03:00

In this work, the synthesis of copper-yttrium garnet with a spinel structure was carried out by the Pechini method and its morphology was studied using a set of physicochemical methods. X-ray fluorescence spectral analysis was performed to determine the structure of the obtained copper-yttrium garnet and the quantitative ratio between the components. According to the X-ray fluorescence spectral analysis, it was found that the copper-yttrium garnet has a composition of: 9.4% Copper, 67.5% Yttrium and 23.1% Oxygen, which corresponds to the simplest formula CuY5O10. IR-Fourier spectroscopy methods showed that at 1600-1400 cm-1, stretching vibrations of Cu – OH bonds of the surface of copper-yttrium garnet with a spinel structure occur. At 800-700 cm-1, stretching vibrations of Y – O bonds of coordinated Yttrium dodecahedra (unit cell of yttrium garnet) were detected, which is typical for garnets with a spinel structure.In the process of studying the adsorption activity of the surface of copper-yttrium garnet with respect to the Congo red dye from solutions, it was found that the maximum degree of extraction of 54.6% is achieved for an adsorbent mass of 0.08 g. It was shown that the degree of extraction of the dye of 43.5% is achieved in the first 30 minutes from the beginning of adsorption, and reaches its maximum value after 120 minutes from the beginning of interaction at the adsorbate-adsorbent interface. The nature of the curve indicates non-equilibrium adsorption processes, in which the adsorption processes at the phase interface prevail over the processes of desorption of the dye from the surface. It was established that the adsorption capacity is 1.59 mg/g, and the distribution coefficient at the maximum concentration of the dye (Со = 10 mg/l) is 432.06 ml/g. This means that the affinity of this dye to the surface of copper-yttrium garnet is insignificant.The character of the isotherm curve resembles the rectilinear Henry isotherm curves according to the Giles classification. This type of isotherm indicates that the intermolecular interaction of the adsorbate-adsorbent prevails over the intermolecular interaction in the solution between the Congo red molecules. The adsorption isotherm of Congo red is satisfactorily described by the Tiomkin model, in comparison with other models, as evidenced by the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.854), i.e. the adsorption of the dye occurs on potentially inhomogeneous surfaces, on which there is a uniform distribution of adsorption centers in terms of energy. The calculated value of the adsorption energy is 2.162 kJ/mol, which indicates a purely physical adsorption of the dye molecules on the garnet surface.

ADSORPTION OF INDIGO CARMINE FROM SOLUTION BY NANOSCALE TITANIUM DIOXIDE

2025-10-24T16:02:42+03:00

In this paper, we looked at the physical and chemical properties of titanium dioxide as an adsorbent for indigo carmine dye from water solutions. The starting sample was characterised using SEM and XRD spectroscopy.It was found that the size of titanium dioxide particles is less than 150 nm, the particles are prone to aggregate formation, and the average particle size of the adsorbent according to X-ray diffraction data is 44,20 nm. It was shown that during the first 5 minutes from the start of the adsorbate-adsorbent contact, the adsorption capacity is 0,3 mg/g, and the maximum value of 1,25 mg/g is reached within 90 minutes. The nature of the kinetic curve indicates that adsorption equilibrium occurs within the first 30–40 minutes from the start of contact between the dye molecules and the adsorbent. A further increase in the contact time of the solution with the adsorbent does not contribute to an increase in the adsorption value. It has been established that the probable mechanism of adsorption is intermolecular interaction at the adsorbate-adsorbent interface due to Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds between indigo carmine molecules and titanium dioxide surface groups. This mechanism of interaction at the interface is a direct consequence of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with an initial adsorption rate of 0,082 mg/g·min. It has been shown that the adsorption capacity of the titanium dioxide surface is 1,25 mg/g. The nature of the curve resembles the Langmuir isotherm (type L5), which has a maximum according to the Hils classification.This type of isotherm indicates monomolecular adsorption at the phase boundary, where dye molecules undergo association processes in solution. It has been determined that the adsorption isotherm of indigo carmine is satisfactorily described by the Langmuir model, compared to other models, as can be seen from the correlation coefficient (R2 = 0,623), i.e., the adsorption of dye molecules occurs at homogeneous (uniform) centres of the titanium dioxide surface, where all active centres are energetically homogeneous and only a monomolecular layer of adsorbate can form on the surface. The calculated adsorption energy according to the Dubinin – Radushkevich equation for the adsorbent surface does not exceed 2 kJ/mol, which indicates the physical adsorption of indigo carmine molecules on the surface of titanium dioxide, and the calculation of the Gibbs free energy of the adsorption process allows us to conclude that adsorption at this temperature is a non-spontaneous, non-equilibrium process.

COMPLEXATION OF 6,7-DIHYDROXY-4-CARBOXYL- 2-PHENYLBENZOPYRYLIUM SALTS WITH MO (VI) AND W (VI) IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND ORGANIZED MEDIA

2025-10-24T16:08:24+03:00

This work is devoted to the study of the features of complexation of Molybdenum (VI) and Tungsten (VI) with some salts (bromide, perchlorate chloride) of 6,7-dihydroxy-4-carboxyl-2-phenylbenzopyrylium (R) in aqueous solutions and organized media based on cationic surfactants. Spectrophotometric methods for complexation studies in solutions were used. It was established that in binary systems one complex with a stoichiometry of M (VI) : R 1 : 2 is formed at pH 2,5 and 3,0, respectively, for Molybdenum (VI) and Tungsten (VI). The molar absorptivity values for Molybdenum (VI) and Tungsten (VI) complexes with R are 3,0 ⸱ 104 and 3,1 ⸱ 104, respectively. It has been established that when cationic surfactants, namely cetylpyridinium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, are introduced into the systems, the formation of ternary complexes with a stoichiometry of 1 : 2 : 2 is observed. It was found that the color develops instantly, and the absorbance of the resulting solutions is unchanged for 2 hours.It is noted that the nature of the anion, which is part of the reagent R, does not significantly change the analytical properties of the proposed analytical forms. The introduction of cationic surfactants results in a shift of the optimal pH for complex formation toward more acidic values. It has been shown that the introduction of cationic surfactants shifts the optimal pH value of complexation to a more acidic region and leads to bathochromic shifts of the absorption bands of the interaction products by 30–40 nm and an increase in the values of the molar absorptivity to 6,4 ⸱ 104 and 7,9 ⸱ 104 (for W (VI): 6,7 ⸱ 104 and 8,1 ⸱ 104) for cetylpyridinium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, respectively. The identified analytical forms may serve as a foundation for the creation of novel combined spectroscopic techniques for the determination of trace levels of Molybdenum (VI) and Tungsten (VI).

ASSESSMENT OF VEGETATION IN THE RAVINES OF KHORTYTSIA ISLAND (ZAPORIZHZHYA) USING LANDSAT SATELLITE DATA

2025-10-24T12:29:05+03:00

This work highlights the issues of prompt detection of changes in vegetation density of small forests in steppe ravines, which belong to the recreational zone of Zaporizhzhya city, using Landsat 8 satellite multispectral images in the time range. The results of changes in the density of woody and herbaceous plants using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are presented. The main advantage of NDVI is the reliability and ease of data acquisition, as well as a wide range of tasks that can be solved using it. A series of thematic maps was obtained for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, 2024. Based on the values of the NDVI index, several classes of dense, moderate and sparse vegetation were distinguished within each ravine forest. Forest ravines also feature some areas with exposed soil. The dynamics of vegetation changes over the years of research have been examined.Temporal changes of the relative area occupied by woody vegetation and the state of this type of vegetation were also assessed. The multidirectional nature of their changes has been established both within a particular ravine and when compared to the parameters of various other ravines over the course of our research. This is due to the influence of many exo- and endodynamic environmental factors. The coastal part of Khortytsia Island has undergone drainage due to the destruction of the dam of the Kakhovka HPP, which led to an increase in the length of the coastline and the area of the mouth of the ravines under study. As was established via the satellite images in 2024 that, compared to 2020, the area of the coastal zone of the analyzed ravines increased by at least a factor of 1.75 (Heneralka) and at most 3.4 (Shyroka) respectively. The magnitude of this indicator for the remaining ravines falls within the aforementioned range of values.It is recommended to continuously monitor changes in the coast of Khortytsia Island in terms of its succession processes and the state of hydrobionts.

TO THE BRYOPHYTE FLORA OF THE NATIONAL NATURE PARK “ZALISSIA”

2025-10-24T12:40:02+03:00

The National Nature Park “Zalissia” was created in 2009 on the territory of Kyiv and Chernihiv regions on an area of 14836 hectares. The park consists of the tracts of forest “Zalissia” and “Gogolivski groves” and a small Prydesnyanska area near the village of Nyzhnya Dubechnya, Vyshgorod district. Thevegetation here is represented by pine, pine-oak, oak-hornbeam, alder forests, sandy steppes, floodplainmeadows and swamps.In May and October 2024, the author of the article made trips to the tracts “Zalissia” and “Gogolivski groves”. Oak, alder, pine forests, poplar plantations, sedge swamp, psammophyte steppe area, artificial rocky substrates were surveyed. About 60 packages of bryophytes were collected. Today, a total of 74 bryophyte species have been identified in the Zalissia National Park, of which 5 are liverwort species and 69 are mosses. The leading places in the spectrum of moss families are occupied by Orthotrichaceae (11 species), Brachytheciaceae (9) and Amblystegiaceae (5); the remaining 22 families include 1–4 species. The species richness of the families Orthotrichaceae, Brachytheciaceae, and to a lesser extent Dicranaceae, Mniaceae, and Polytrichaceae indicates the high forestation of this territory.Due to its low wetlands, lower positions in the spectrum of families are occupied by Amblystegiaceae and Sphagnaceae, which are characteristic of the waterlogged biotopes of Polissya. Liverworts arerepresented by only 5 families, each containing one species.The oak-hornbeam forests of the park are distinguished by the greatest richness of bryophytes. The least species diversity is observed in sandy steppes and swamps. The originality of the park’s bryoflora is given by calciphilic epiliths that settle on artificial rocky substrates.Some rare species were found in the park: Schistidium helveticum – new for the plain part of Ukraine, Didymodon rigidulus – new for Ukrainian Polissya and four species new for Left-Bank Polissya – Cephaloziella rubella, Schistidium crassipilum, Pulvigera lyellii, Orthotrichum anomalum.

EXPANSIVE ALIEN PLANT SPECIES OF THE URBAN FLORA OF THE CITY OF KREMENETS AND ITS SURBURBS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION MAPS

2025-10-24T12:42:39+03:00

The aim of the article is to identify expansive alien species within the urban flora of the city of Kremenets and its surroundings, to analyze their dispersal mechanisms, level of naturalization, and to create distribution maps within the study area.The study employs both theoretical and practical methods. The theoretical methods involved the analysis of literature sources, followed by their systematization and generalization. Practical methods included field surveys and subsequent data processing. Fieldwork was conducted during the vegetation periods of 2010–2024, using a route-diagnostic method as the primary approach. The classification of alien species follows the system proposed by Jan Kornaś, improved by V.V. Protopopova.As a result, more than 20 expansive alien species were identified in the urban flora of Kremenets, with a dominance of kenophytes of North American origin. The most actively spreading species include Solidago canadensis L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., Heracleum mantegazzianum S. et L., Reynoutria sachalinensis (Fr. Schmidt) Nakai, Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort, and Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. These species were classified according to their dispersal mechanisms (anemochorous, anthropochorous, barochorous, etc.), degree of naturalization (ephecophytes, agriophytes, ergasiophytes), and ecological risk.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the clarification of the composition of the expansive component of Kremenets’ urban flora, the contribution to regional floristic data, and the creation of local-scale distribution maps of key invasive species for the first time.The practical significance of the study consists in providing a scientifically grounded basis for floristic monitoring, identifying phytodangerous areas, and developing conservation measures aimed at limiting the spread of undesirable alien species within urban ecosystems.

HEART MORPHOLOGУ OF THE CLARII CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)

2025-10-24T14:17:10+03:00

One of the promising fish species that has relatively recently started to be farmed in Ukraine is the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the catfish family. It is a freshwater, warm-water, omnivorous fish that can breathe atmospheric air.The purpose of this study is the morphological evaluation of the macroscopic structure of the heart of the African catfish, a member of the class Actinopterygii, family Clariidae, species Clarias gariepinus.Using morphological, morphometric, and statistical research methods, the results regarding the heart structure of the African catfish are presented, which convincingly show that its morphological structure and morpho-topography in the bony fish, which during their phylogenetic development have evolved to breathe both through gills and lungs, differ from those in bony fishes. It is shown that the heart of the African catfish is topographically located in the cranial part of the body, on the ventral side, near the head in the triangle between the shoulder girdle bones, occupying a central position between the gills. The heart of the African catfish consists of the venous sinus, atrium, ventricle, and arterial cone, which are separated by valves, allowing blood to move only in one direction – from the venous sinus to the arterial cone and not vice versa. As a distinct structure, the atrium is located to the right of the ventricle, with an incomplete septum partially dividing the atrium into right and left halves (chambers). The ventricle of the heart is a hollow organ with an elongated oval shape. The cranial part of the ventricle has an expanded base, while the caudal part has a convex apex. The arterial cone of the heart has an expanded base, which adjoins the ventricle, and its opposite part is narrowed, giving the structure a conical (funnel-like) shape. According to organometry results, the linear dimensions of the heart components vary and depend on their functional load during the rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle in the cardiac rhythm, during which blood flows through the vessels to all organs. The ventricle’s largest linear parameters – length, width, and thickness – are characteristic.In contrast, the linear parameters of the arterial cone and atrium are significantly smaller. Based on the ventricular development index, the heart of the African catfish is classified as narrow-elongated.It has been established that the thickness of the ventricle wall is the largest among all its anatomical structures, measuring 3,2 ± 0,4 mm. It is statistically 1,47 times thinner than the ventricle wall in the arterial cone and the smallest (8,0 times smaller) compared to the ventricle. The absolute and relative masses of the ventricle, arterial cone, and atrium correlate with their linear parameters: the greatest absolute mass is found in the ventricle – 0,52 ± 0,02 g, followed by the arterial cone – 0,21 ± 0,03 g, and the atrium – 0,16 ± 0,03 g.According to these morphometric results, the coefficient of the ratio of the ventricle’s absolute mass to the total heart mass is 1 : 0,58, the ratio of the arterial cone’s absolute mass to the total heart mass is 1 : 0,24, and the ratio of the atrium’s absolute mass to the total mass of the ventricles is 1 : 0,18.The study of the structural characteristics of the cardiovascular organs serves as a foundation for ichthyologists and fish farmers to conduct disease prevention and to mitigate the impact of stress and adverse environmental factors on the fish during aquaculture.

POPULATION MONITORING OF ENDEMIC PLANT SPECIES OF THE CARYOPHYLLACEAE JUSS. FAMILY

2025-10-24T14:22:32+03:00

The results of studies of narrowly localized endemic species of the Caryophyllaceae Juss. family in the southern Bug and Ingul regions are presented: Dianthus hypanicus Andrz., Moehringia hypanica Grynj et Klok. and Silene hypanica Klokov, which grow in the territory of the Buzky Gard National Nature Park. It has been established that the studied populations are tolerant and have positive density dynamics. According to the absolute number of individuals, all studied populations are considered numerous. It has been found that almost all studied populations are normal, with a significant number of generative individuals registered. Only one population of S. hypanica is invasive, with immature individuals predominating. There are no senile individuals in any of the populations, and the proportion of subsenile individuals did not exceed 15.63%. All populations are incomplete due to the absence of seedlings and senile individuals in all studied localities. This is probably due to the rapid transition of seedlings to the juvenile stage, and the absence of senile individuals may indicate a significant duration of ontogenesis and a significant lifespan of generative plants. Based on the characteristics of the age spectra, we did not register any populations of the regressive type. According to quantitative indices, of the total number of populations, 53.8% were young (age index less than one), 23.10% were middle-aged, and 23.10% were aging (age index significantly exceeded one).Thus, D. hypanicus, M. hypanica, and S. hypanica grow in favorable conditions, and their populations are developing satisfactorily. We consider it necessary to point out that granite mining, trampling, indirect changes in habitats due to the creation of reservoirs, and russian aggression may contribute to the disappearance of the habitats of these species, which are known only in Ukraine.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN FOOD LENTIL LEAVES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS AND THE MAXIM FUNGICIDE

2025-10-24T14:28:13+03:00

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of seed treatment with microbial preparations (MBP) Rizobofit, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae (R. leg) strains: C4-30, 724, F 11-2, F 16-1 compatiblewith the fungicide Maxim on the dynamics of chlorophyll and main carotenoid accumulation in the leaves of Red lentils in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Lens culinaris is not only a valuable source of aminoacids and plant proteins, but also an indispensable link in the functioning of the legume-rhizobial symbiosis. It has been established that the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of edible lentils depends on the inoculation of seeds with microbial preparations, their combined use with the Maxim fungicide, and the phenological phase of plant growth and development.Under the influence of R. leg C4-30 and R. leg 724, a statistically significant increase in chlorophyll content in leaf mesophyll during the generative phases of plant development has been determined.Monoinoculation of MBP and their combined use with the Maxim fungicide in the cultivation of edible lentils has significantly affected the accumulation of chlorophyll a in the leaves. Its content has increased to 22,4% under the influence of R. leg strains. When inoculated with R. leg strain 724 seeds, edible lentil leaves have been characterized by the highest values of total chlorophyll (a+b) in the budding phase – the beginning of flowering (increase of 19,7%) and the main carotenoids in the flowering phase (increase of 27,2%). The single effect of the seed treatment agent has resulted in a 6% increase in the sum of green pigments in the mesophyll of the leaves, only in the budding phase – the beginning of flowering. When MBP has been used in combination with the Maxim fungicide, an increase in chlorophyll content has been observed in the budding phase – the beginning of flowering (Rizobofit and R. leg C4-30 variants), flowering, and ripe bean phases (R. leg 724, R. leg F 11-2, R. leg F 16-1).The highest chlorophyll content in leaves has been found in Lens culinaris plants in the budding-early flowering phase, slightly lower during flowering. In the green and ripe bean phases, the amount of chlorophyll has decreased, which is associated with leaf ageing. The peak accumulation of carotenoids in lentil leaves has been found during the flowering phase.The comprehensive application of Rhizobiofit, active strains of R. leg strains, and seed dressings in the cultivation of edible lentils will intensify photosynthetic processes by improving nitrogen nutrition of plants due to biological nitrogen fixation by nitrogen-fixing systems, realize the potential of protective properties against fungal diseases and increase crop yields.

ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF THE FOREST ANT FORMICA RUFA TO ABIOOTIC STRESSES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

2025-10-24T14:37:29+03:00

Adaptation mechanisms of animals to abiotic stressors are important for understanding their survival and functioning in changing environmental conditions, especially against the background of anthropogenic environmental changes. The forest ant Formica rufa is a model species for studying the adaptation of insects to temperature, water, and light stresses and is used as a bioindicator of the ecological status of forest ecosystems. The aim of the study was to comprehensively investigate the adaptive responses of Formica rufa to the main abiotic stresses and to assess their importance for the sustainable development of the human environment.The methods of field observations, bioindication, morphometry, physiological and biochemical analysis, as well as experimental modeling of stress conditions were used in the study. Behavioral, morphological and physiological changes in insects in response to variations in temperature, humidity and light were assessed.The results indicate that Formica rufa has a wide range of adaptive mechanisms that ensure the maintenance of homeostasis and vital activity within optimal environmental parameters. The most sensitive factor was water stress, which disrupts the social structure of the colony. The data obtained expand knowledge about the ecological plasticity of the species and emphasize its importance as a bioindicator for monitoring the state of natural and anthropogenically transformed environments.The scientific novelty lies in an integrated approach to studying the adaptive responses of Formica rufa to three major abiotic stresses using experimental and field methods. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the results to the development of environmental monitoring systems and planning of measures for sustainable management of natural resources, which positively affects human health and quality of life.

CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE TISSUES OF THE CURB (CARASSIUS CARASSIUS L.) AS A POTENTIAL MARKER OF BIOINDICATION OF THE TOXIC EFFECT OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

2025-10-24T14:41:26+03:00

The article presents experimental results on the effects of various toxicants on the nucleic acid homeostasis in Carassius carassius tissues. The study assessed the quantitative content of RNA, DNA, and the RNA/DNA ratio in four tissue types (liver, white muscle, brain, and gills) following exposure to mycotoxin T2 (2 mg/dm³), aflatoxin B1 (1 mg/dm³), lead salt (5 mg/dm³ as Pb²⁺ ion), the herbicide Zencor (3 mg/dm³), and sodium lauryl sulfate (2 mg/dm³). Fish were kept under controlled aquarium conditions for 14 days. Nucleic acid content was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring optical densities at 260 and 286 nm for RNA, and 268 and 284 nm for DNA. The RNA/DNA ratio was used as an integrated indicator of metabolic activity.The results demonstrated that DNA levels remained stable across all groups, indicating preserved cellularmass. However, RNA levels significantly decreased under all toxicant exposures, particularly under T2 (up to 40–50%) and lead ions. These tissues also showed the most significant decrease in RNA/DNA ratio – by 40% (p < 0,05) and 34% (p < 0,05) relative to control. Statistically significant declines were also observed in the brain and gills, highlighting the systemic nature of the stress response. Among the tested toxicants, T2 and Pb²⁺ had the most pronounced inhibitory effects on cellular biosynthesis, while Zencor and lauryl sulfate induced moderate but significant changes. Therefore, the RNA/DNA ratio proved to be a sensitive and informative biomarker that reflects early metabolic disturbances in fish tissues under the influence of various chemical stressors. Its pronounced responsiveness to even moderate concentrations of toxicants highlights its diagnostic value for detecting sublethal physiological effects that may not be visible through morphological or conventional biochemical indicators. Due to its integrative nature, the RNA/DNA ratio can be effectively applied as a reliable tool in bioindication systems, supporting early-warning assessments and long-term ecological monitoring of aquatic ecosystems, particularly in environments exposed to anthropogenic pressure.

INFLUENCE OF MOLASSES BARD ON POTATO AGROCENOSIS PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOLOGICAL STATE OF SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL

2025-10-24T14:47:01+03:00

In the current context of agricultural transformation driven by climate change and rising costs of mineral fertilizers, the implementation of environmentally friendly and economically viable organic fertilizers is becoming increasingly important. One of the promising approaches is the use of by-products from the food and alcohol industries, such as molasses stillage – a liquid organic material rich in macro- and micronutrients, biologically active compounds, and organic matter that contributes to nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. This paper presents the findings of a three-year field study (2022–2024) focused on assessing the impact of molasses stillage as a fertilizer on the productivity of Bellarosa potato agrocenosis and the biological status of sod-podzolic soil in the Western Polissia region of Ukraine.Stillage was applied at three doses (10, 20, and 30 t/ha), with comparisons made to an unfertilized control and a conventional mineral fertilization scheme (N90P70K170). Throughout the study, biometric parameters were recorded, yield performance was assessed, and one of the key microbiological indicators – cellulolytic activity – was determined by monitoring the decomposition rate of flax fabric in soil horizons.It was established that the application of stillage at 20–30 t/ha significantly improved tuber biometric indicators (increases in mass by 21–34% and diameter by 17,2–27,6%), ensured a stable yield increase up to 25 t/ha (a 31,5% gain over the control), and notably enhanced soil microbial activity. At the highest dose (30 t/ha), flax decomposition intensity reached 93,75% in the upper soil layer and 79,15% in the lower one, indicating a high level of microbiological function. The reliability of the results was confirmed by strong correlations between fertilizer dose, yield, and microbial activity (r = 0,944–0,984).The practical value of the research lies in substantiating the use of molasses stillage as a local organic resource within organic farming systems, balancing agronomic efficiency with environmental safety. A 20 t/ha dose was identified as optimal, as it provides both productivity benefits and improved biological soil function without inducing secondary salinization. The findings can be integrated into sustainable soilfertility management strategies for regions characterized by sandy-textured and low-buffer capacity soils.

ALLOMETRIC GROWTH AND THE FORMATION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE ONTOGENY OF THE ROCK LIZARD, DAREVSKIA LINDHOLMI (SZCZERBAK, 1962)

2025-10-24T14:49:50+03:00

The genus of rock lizards Darevskia is an important model object for studying speciation processes in reptiles, in particular as an example of reticulate evolution. This genus includes not only bisexual but also parthenogenetic species. Its systematics and taxonomy are constantly becoming more complex, based on the results of molecular genetic, morphological, and ecological studies.There is very little information in the literature about the external morphology of the only aboriginal bisexual species of rock lizard in the Ukrainian fauna – D. lindholmi. In particular, there is almost no data on its age variability, changes in the size and proportions of the body and its parts in different age groups of heterosexual individuals. The study of these issues is important for the methodology of sample formation and research, since it is obvious that samples with different age and sex compositions may show different results regarding external morphological characteristics when compiling species descriptions. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the characteristics of growth and the formation of sexual dimorphism in the ontogenesis of D. lindholmi and to determine the effectiveness of statistical analysis for correcting errors when comparing samples of individuals of different ages and sexes.The material for the study was 43 individuals of D. lindholmi from Crimea. Thirty-three characteristics of the size and proportions of the animals were used. The data were processed using factor and discriminant analyses. It was found that discriminant analysis allows each individual to be reliably assigned to a specific sex-age group and enables the formation of comparable samples for any comparative descriptions. The variability of morphometric characteristics in ontogenesis is 91,5% characterized by the first two principal components. The first accounts for 89,1% of the variance and has high factor loadings for all traits, indicating their correlated variability. There are practically no sex differences in most measured traits in Lindholm’s lizard. In terms of overall body size, males are larger than females, but with almost identical body sizes, they have larger absolute and relative head and limb sizes. With increasing age, the variability of body proportions increases. The influence of age on the variability of linear body dimensions is higher than on its proportions.

THE INFLUENCE OF MICRONUTRIENT FERTILISERS AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CORN GREEN BIOMASS

2025-10-24T16:13:54+03:00

Determining the quality parameters of corn green biomass allows for an objective assessment of its nutritional and energy value for optimising animal feeding rations. It also serves as an important criterion for evaluating the quality of raw material, its suitability for ensiling, and the potential fermentation processes during storage. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of micronutrient fertilisers and plant growth regulators on the chemical composition, energy value, and ensiling suitability of corn hybrids’ green biomass.The application of micronutrient fertilisers and plant growth regulators affected the content of crude protein, crude fibre, cellulose, and starch in the corn green biomass. No significant impact was observed on the crude fat content, and no effect was found on the crude ash content. A strong positive correlation was established between crude protein and starch content (r = 0.98), crude protein and crude fat (r = 0.97), crude protein and cellulose (r = 0.96), as well as between crude fat and both starch and cellulose content (r = 0.98). The use of micronutrient fertilisers and plant growth regulators moderately increased acetic acid content and more significantly stimulated lactic acid accumulation in the corn green biomass. For the hybrids Gendalfand Intelligence, the highest values of gross energy, metabolizable energy, and net energy for lactation (NEL) were recorded in the third and fourth experimental variants – 18.79–19.09 MJ/kg, 10.55–10.89 MJ/kg, and 6.33–6.54 MJ/kg, respectively. At the same time, the content of feed units and energy feed units increased only slightly by 0.01–0.02 compared to the control.In terms of energy characteristics, the Intelligence hybrid significantly outperformed Gendalf.However, Gendalf showed better suitability of green biomass for ensiling based on sugar content, buffering capacity, and sugar-to-buffering-capacity ratio. While the use of micronutrient fertilisers and growth regulators in the Intelligence hybrid ensured a high sugar content, the sugar-to-buffering-capacity ratio was low, requiring more precise control of the fermentation process during silage preparation.

POTATO PLANTING DATES AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: ECOLOGICAL AND RESOURCE ASPECTS (REVIEW)

2025-10-24T16:18:07+03:00

Modern Ukrainian agriculture faces unprecedented challenges caused by the full-scale invasion and a significant reduction in available arable land. Under these circumstances, the optimization of every agrotechnical measure becomes acutely important to ensure the country’s food security and increase production efficiency. This review article focuses on analyzing the impact of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) planting dates and other elements of cultivation technology on its productivity and quality, synthesizing data from global and Ukrainian scientific research. The study is based on a systematic analysis of current scientific literature from leading databases. The search was conducted using keywords such as “potato”, “planting dates”, “planting optimization”, “potato yield”, “tuber quality”, “climate change” and “potato agrotechnology” with particular attention paid to Ukrainian research. It has been found that planting dates are a critically important factor directly influencing the physiological development of plants, tuber formation, and final yield. Optimal planting times vary significantly depending on the region and varietal characteristics. For example, in India, optimal planting is in October, in Bangladesh – in December, while in North China, later planting of mid- or late-maturing cultivars is recommended, depending on the geographical axis. In Ukraine, particularly in Polissia, the optimal period is considered to be the second or third decade of April, and for summer planting in the South – the third decade of June. Early planting has also shown its effectiveness in Ethiopia for increasing average tuber weight and yield. However, the review emphasizes that planting dates are not the sole decisive factor.A comprehensive approach is necessary to achieve high and stable yields. Specifically, the effectiveness of biologized technologies has been proven. The use of cover crops in combination with biodestructors significantly increases the biodiversity of the soil's microbial complex and the number of beneficial microorganisms, contributing to improved soil processes and pathogen suppression. Such biologizedsystems, even with slightly lower overall yields compared to standard ones, can provide significantly higher conditional net profit and profitability due to the higher price of organic products and minimized chemical costs. Additionally, foliar fertilization with microelements and optimization of mineral nutrition in combination with specific planting schemes play an important role. Studies show that a double foliar application of microelements against a background of cover crops and localized mineral fertilizer application improves the growth, development, and yield of seed potatoes. Optimized mineral fertilizer doses in combination with foliar fertilization and a specific planting scheme contribute to the maximum accumulation of dry matter and starch, especially in early-maturing cultivars. The increase in potato yield in Ukraine at the beginning of the 21st century is largely due to technological improvements, the introduction of new adapted varieties, and more effective pest and disease control, rather than solely favorable climate changes. Conversely, warming leads to increased drought and periodic waterlogging of the soil, which poses a challenge to yield stability. Thus, to ensure food security and enhance potato cultivation efficiency in Ukraine, especially under conditions of limited resources and climate change, the implementation of an integrated approach is necessary. This approach should combine scientifically substantiated planting dates, the application of biological preparations, adapted nutrition systems, and the use of new, stress-tolerant cultivars.

APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AT THE STAGE OF GRAPE GRAFT PRODUCTION

2025-10-24T16:22:40+03:00

One of the current priorities in the development of grapevine nurseries in Ukraine is the implementation of effective methods for producing high-quality grafted planting material that meets the requirements of biological quality categories (initial, basic, certified). Particular attention in the production of grafted grapevines of such categories should be paid to stimulating the regenerative processes of the components – namely callus and root formation (callusogenesis and rhizogenesis). Biologically active substances play a positive role in this direction and are advisable to use at the stage of soaking the graft components.The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soaking grape scions and rootstocks in solutions of modern biologically active substances on the processes of callus and root formation. Laboratory and comparative-calculation methods were used in the research. The study was conducted on scions of technical, table, and rootstock grape varieties soaked in solutions of the following substances: Charkor, Grandis, Radifarm, Kemira, and Rhizopon (0.8%, 1.0%, 2.0%). The formation of callus and roots was evaluated in comparison with the control (soaking in water). The results showed that Charkor and Rhizopon provided the highest callus-forming activity in scion cuttings. Circular callus along the cut surface was formed in 70–100% of cuttings of most varieties. Among the rootstock cuttings, the highest completeness of callus formation along the cut perimeter was recorded after applying Grandis for the varieties Dobrynia (up to 100%), RхR 4923, and BxR Kober 5BB (over 80%). Charkor and Rhizopon also ensured a consistently high callus-forming response in rootstock cuttings while reducing the number of cuttings without callus. In rootstock components, biologically active substances, in addition to highcallus-forming ability, also promoted active root formation. After treatment with Rhizopon (2.0%), the highest number of roots (up to 20.5 per cutting) was observed in the varieties Dobrynia and RхR4923. The roots had a moderate length (3.0–3.5 cm), which is an advantage for modern grafting and planting techniques in nurseries. In the control group, the number of roots was 2.2 times lower, while their length increased by an average of 11.3 cm. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive evaluation of new biologically active substances with a broad spectrum of action to enhance the regenerative properties of graft components in new grapevine forms and cultivars. The practical significance of the study lies in formulating practical recommendations to improve the efficiency of grapevine grafting technology by using biologically active substances with proven regenerative activity.

INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONDITIONS, BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRIDS, AND PLANT DENSITY ON CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT IN MAIZE GRAIN

2025-10-24T16:27:17+03:00

The influence of hybrid composition and plant density on maize grain quality parameters remains a relevant issue both from the standpoint of scientific justification and for its practical implementation in modern agricultural production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of plant density on the crude protein content in the grain of maize hybrids of different maturity groups (FAO) under the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine.Field experiments were conducted during 2022–2024 at the experimental field of Agrotechnology-Plus LLC, located in the Kropyvnytskyi district of Kirovohrad region. Seven DEKALB hybrids with FAO from 310 to 420 (DKC 4098, DKC 4109, DKC 4391, DKC 4598, DKC 4712, DKC 5075, DKC 5206) were studied at eight levels of plant density ranging from 55 to 110 thousand plants/ha. Foliar feeding with the micronutrient fertilizer Amino Ultra Corn was performed at the 3–5 and 7–9 leaf stages. The study applied field, laboratory, mathematical, and statistical methods to assess the interaction between genotype, plant density, and environmental factors.It was established that the determining factor influencing the crude protein content in maize grain was the weather conditions of the growing year. The highest protein concentration was observed in the moderately dry 2023 season (average 7.75%), while the lowest was recorded in 2024 (7.16%), which was characterized by severe moisture deficiency during critical growth and development phases. Among the studied hybrids, the highest and most stable protein content was formed by hybrid DKC 4391 (FAO 350), with a maximum value of 8.45% in 2023 at a plant density of 80 thousand/ha. Overall, optimal protein accumulation in the grain was observed at a planting density of 75–80 thousand/ha.Reducing plant density to ≤60 thousand/ha or excessive thickening of stands (≥90 thousand/ha) led to decreased grain protein content, indicating both resource-related and allelopathic limitations.The obtained results confirm the significant influence of genotype and plant density on maize grain quality, particularly under contrasting hydrothermal conditions. These findings can be used to optimizemaize cultivation technologies with the aim of stabilizing grain quality indicators under conditions of climate change and economic instability.

FORMATION OF THE ENTOMOCOMPLEX OF WHITE CABBAGE IN THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE: AN OVERVIEW OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND CURRENT TRENDS

2025-10-24T16:33:23+03:00

The article explores the formation of the entomocomplex of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) under current climatic changes and agrotechnical impacts in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. A comprehensive analysis of scientific sources, field observations, and climatic trends was carried out, revealing the growing influence of temperature anomalies, crop rotation violations, and agrocenosis simplification on the species composition and population dynamics of phytophagous insects. It was established that rising average annual temperatures contribute to the increase in the number of generations of major pests (e.g., Plutella xylostella, Mamestra brassicae), their expansion into new territories, and better overwintering. Early spring warming activates Phyllotreta spp., while warm autumns support the prolonged activity of Brevicoryne brassicae, increasing crop loss risks.Moreover, mild winters reduce depopulation pressure and accelerate the evolution of resistance to insecticides. Special attention is given to the role of crop rotation, planting structure, and field density, which significantly influence the entomofauna of cabbage crops. Cultivation of cabbage in monocultures, without proper crop rotation or buffer zones, leads to the accumulation of specialized pests and a decline in natural population regulators (entomophagous insects). The lack of spatial isolation between crop fields increases the risk of pest migration and the formation of outbreak centers. A general scheme is proposed to illustrate the interconnection between climatic, landscape, and agrotechnical factors in the population dynamics of pests. The need to revise traditional forecasting models and implement regional adaptive monitoring schemes that consider current climate transformations and the ecological features of agroecosystems is substantiated.

BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DISEASE CONTROL OF CUCUMBER (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.) IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

2025-10-24T16:37:22+03:00

Cucumber diseases under greenhouse conditions remain a serious threat to production, while conventional chemical protection methods are associated with significant environmental and economic risks, necessitating the search for alternative solutions. The purpose of this review is to systematize current knowledge on biological methods for cucumber disease control in protected cultivation. It has been established that the main causative agents are fungal pathogens (Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp.) and oomycetes (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), which cause root rots, wilting, and foliar diseases, with potential yield losses of up to 70%. Modern biological protection of cucumbers in protected cultivation is based on the use of antagonistic microorganisms (fungi and bacteria), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and commercial preparations based on them. Biological control involving Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. ensures high effectiveness through a combination of antagonism, mycoparasitism, and stimulation of plant systemic resistance. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance cucumber resistance to soil-borne pathogens, improving mineral nutrition and the general physiological state of plants. It is concluded that biological methods are environmentally safe, do not lead to toxic residue accumulation in products, do not contribute to pathogen resistance development, and can be used over extended periods. The highest effectiveness is achieved through integrated protection systems that combine biological agents with agronomic practices, the use of resistant cultivars, and optimization of growing conditions. At the same time, biological agents require preventive application and consideration of environmental factors. The prospects for developing biological protection involve creating new highly effective strains, locally adapted formulations, and the integration of biotechnological and genetic approaches. The expediency of implementing biological methods as an effective alternative to chemical agents has been substantiated, aligning with the principles of environmental safety and sustainable agricultural development. Recommendations are provided for improving the effectiveness of biological products in cucumber protection systems in protected cultivation.

INFLUENCE OF INOCULATION OF WHEAT SEEDS WITH AGRONOMICALLY VALUABLE BACTERIA ON BIOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF PLANTS

2025-10-24T16:40:53+03:00

The effectiveness of inoculation of wheat seeds of Tobak variety and Artist by bacteria, Bacillus sp. 4, Azospirillum sp. The change in the morphometric and physiological parameters of vegetative plants in different variants of presowing bacterization has been studied. It has been found that the boiling of seed material with selected microorganisms helps to increase the biometric parameters of wheat plants. It was found that the height of plants increased by 13% with the complex bacterization of seeds of Bacillus sp. 4 and Azospirillum sp., But the monoculture of Azospirillum sp. Provided the growth of plants of the variety of artistic by 7,5%, which is slightly higher than the value of this indicator in the variant with the combined use of bacteria. The method of spectrophotometry determines the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of wheat plants. According to the results, more accumulation of photosynthesis pigments was observed in variants with presowing bacterization of Bacillus sp. 4 and Azospirillum sp. In particular, for their combination, which provides high functional activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants. The intensity of growth processes and the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus determine the level of accumulation of dry matter by plants. In the variants of the experiment with higher plants height and the content of photosynthetic pigments, a large mass of solids is expected. It should be noted that their secondary metabolites, in particular phytohormone nature, play a key role in the influence of introduced bacteria on improving plant growth and development, which requires further laboratory tests for qualitative and quantitative study of biologically active substances by us. The results indicate the expediency and importance of presowing inoculation of wheat seeds with agronomically beneficial microorganisms, which has a positive effect on plant growth throughout the growing season and increased plant productivity as a result.

PECULIARITIES OF SWITCHGRASS PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS IN THE WEST REGION OF UKRAINE

2025-10-24T16:49:55+03:00

In the context of accelerating climate change, soil degradation, and the need to improve the efficiency of agrolandscape use – particularly in the conditions of the Western region of Ukraine – the search for technological solutions to stabilize the yield of promising crops has become highly relevant. One such crop is switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial cereal plant with high potential as both a bioenergy and forage crop, characterized by drought resistance, the ability to grow on low-productivity soils, and a positive response to agro-technological inputs. The study was conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Forestry and Agrarian Management of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of different fertilization systems, namely the application of mineral fertilizers (N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀), the growth regulator Black Jack KS, and the micronutrient fertilizer Intermag Titan, on the growth, biometric parameters, and green biomass yield of switchgrass under the agroecological conditions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast during the 2022–2024 period.The research methods included field, laboratory, statistical, and analytical-calculation approaches.The results of the study revealed a significant influence of weather conditions on the growth and productivity of the crop. The lowest yield was recorded in the control treatment (water only), ranging from 12,2 to 16,8 t/ha depending on the year. Application of mineral fertilizers alone increased yield to 18,7 t/ha, while the use of micronutrient fertilizers alone resulted in yields of 19,2–19,9 t/ha. The highest yields – 21,5 to 22,1 t/ha – were obtained from the combined application of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ with Black Jack KS or Intermag Titan, which exceeded the control by 31–44%. The most favorable results were achieved through the combination of mineral fertilizers with foliar treatments.The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the high efficiency of combining a mineral background with micronutrient fertilizers for increasing switchgrass biomass under conditions of regional climatic variability. The practical significance of the findings is the potential application in the development of adaptive cultivation technologies for energy crops under unstable moisture conditions and on low-productivity lands.

PECULIARITIES OF SUGAR BEET PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION BY OPTIMIZING THEIR MICRONUTRIENT NUTRITION

2025-10-27T07:56:35+02:00

The article presents the results of studies on the impact of foliar application of different doses of Majestic Bor microfertilizer on the productivity of sugar beets, which were carried out during 2022–2024 in the fields of the beet-growing farm of the Poltava region.The purpose of our experiments was to study the impact of different doses of Majestic Bor microfertilizer, applied foliarly, on the productive and quality characteristics of sugar beets in the conditions of the Left- Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Calculations of the density of sugar beet plants before harvesting showed that if in the control before harvesting the plant density decreased by 27,3%, then in the variants with different doses of Majestic Bor this indicator turned out to be 1,5–2,3 times less. However, the least over the years of research the density of crop plants decreased in the areas of the variant where Majestic Bor was applied twice in doses of 1,5 l/ha – by 12,1%. Here, the number of plants per 1 ha at the time of harvesting was the largest and amounted to 96,8 thousand/ha.The yield of root crops over the years of research was the maximum and demonstrably higher in the variants where Majestic Bor was applied twice in doses of 1,5 l/ha (57,8 t/ha) and once in a dose of 3 l/ha (56,3 t/ha). This significantly exceeded the control variant (45,2 t/ha), and also turned out to be greater than the variant with a double application of Majestic Bor in a dose of 1 l/ha (52,4 t/ha).As for the accumulation of sugar in root crops, this process took place most actively in beet plants in variants with a double application of microfertilizer in doses of 1,5 l/ha and a single application in a dose of 3 l/ha. It was here that the sugar content was the highest and amounted to, on average, 18,7 and 18,5%, respectively, which was 1,4–1,2% higher than the control.The main integral indicator of beet sugar production – sugar yield per 1 ha – according to the results of three- year studies was maximum on the same variants where the yield of root crops was the highest, that is, on areas where Majestic Bor was applied twice at 1,5 l/ha (10,81 t/ha) and once at a dose of 3 l/ha (10,42 t/ha).

POTENTIAL AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SOIL BIOFUMIGATION THROUGH THE USE OF OILSEED RADISH IN A SUMMER INTERMEDIATE GREEN MANURE SYSTEM

2025-10-27T08:05:30+02:00

The effectiveness and significance of soil biofumigation through the use of green manure crops have been substantiated. The main advantages of this agrotechnological practice have been outlined, emphasizing its comprehensive role in reducing soil fatigue, significantly suppressing weed infestation and soil- borne pathogens, and enhancing the soil’s microbiological potential. The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency and feasibility of biofumigation using oilseed radish as a single-species variant cultivated as a green manure crop during the intermediate (summer) growing period.Based on a multi-year research cycle (2020–2024), the study identifies the main components of the effectiveness of oilseed radish as a monovarietal biofumigant on grey forest soils, focusing on the following indicators: aboveground and root bioproductivity, realization of bioproductive potential under dynamic climate change conditions, glucosinolate potential of the leaf-stem and root biomass, overall and intraspecific allelopathic potential, and influence on soil microbial structure.Research findings support the feasibility of applying biofumigation technology within crop rotations for soil restoration and conservation, using components of natural bio-organic origin. The proposed system involves the systematic use of oilseed radish grown as a summer-sown green manure crop under unfertilized conditions, with a seeding rate of 2,5 million viable seeds per hectare, sown in conventional rows. Plants were mown at flowering stage (BBCH 64–67), chopped into 3–4 cm pieces, and incorporated into the soil via intensive rotary disc mixing to a depth of 14–16 cm, followed by bioconservation for 5–7 days using surface coverage with white agrotextile (geotextile type, 30–50 g/m² density).This technological variant of biofumigation, over a five-year accounting cycle, resulted in a 41,16% reduction in weed infestation density, a 33,35% decrease in total weed biomass, and a 17,28% reduction in the potential weed seed bank in the 0–30 cm soil layer, compared to the control. A positive impact was also observed on the microbiological structure of the soil: total microbial counts increased by 18,51%, ammonifiers by 27,27%, phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria by 10,53%, and actinomycetes by 50,0%, while the counts of oligotrophs and fungi decreased by 22,23% and 13,56%, respectively.

PROSPECTS FOR RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST USE OF NATURAL MONUMENTS OF THE DUBNO DISTRICT OF THE RIVNE REGION

2025-10-24T14:56:18+03:00

The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in ecotourism and the need to effectively use the natural and recreational potential of the regions, in particular, the Rivne region. Analysing the possibilities of recreational and tourist use of the natural monuments of the Dubno district is an important step towards formulating strategies for the sustainable development of the region. The aim of the study is to determine the prospects for recreational and tourist use of natural monuments in the Dubno district of the Rivne region. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, descriptive, cartographic, statistical, generalisation, and systematisation. The natural monuments of the Dubno district account for 26.2% of the total number of nature reserves in the territory and 1.8% of the total area of the district's nature reserve fund. Botanical natural monuments in the Dubno district account for 76.5% of the total number of natural monuments in the territory and 75.7% of the total area of natural monuments in the district. Despite the presence of different types of natural monuments, their recreational and tourist use remains fragmented and mostly local, without an integrated development concept and proper infrastructure. Dubno district has significant potential for creating ecological routes and trails, developing specialised types of tourism, and engaging the local population in tourism activities. The development of a modern eco-tourism infrastructure and an effective marketing system is promising, which will help to increase the attractiveness of the territory. The development of recreational and tourist use of the natural monuments of the Dubno district requires a comprehensive approach that includes environmental, economic, and social aspects. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the substantiation of promising directions of recreational and tourist use of natural monuments of the Dubno district. The results obtained can be useful as a scientifically sound basis for further in-depth development of regional strategies and district tourism development programmes in terms of the use of natural and recreational potential.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANTHROPONYMS OF WESTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE

2025-10-24T15:01:20+03:00

The aim of this study is to identify the geocultural patterns in the distribution of surnames and to analyze the influence of spatial factors on the morphology of surnames. A detailed geographical analysis of the distribution of anthroponyms (surnames) was conducted within seven regions of Western Ukraine: Volyn, Rivne, Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zakarpattia, and Chernivtsi. The western regions of Ukraine are considered a heterogeneous space shaped by a variety of historical-geographical and social factors.The research is based on a dataset of over 20,000 unique surnames collected from open sources – demographic registries, digital cartographic services, archival documents, and local history dictionaries.The article reveals a clear geospatial and cultural localization of many surnames, indicating their local geocultural formation. Several ethnocultural clusters of anthroponyms were identified: for example, surnames of Hungarian origin are predominant in Zakarpattia, while surnames with Romanian roots dominate in Chernivtsi Oblast, forming distinct anthroponymic zones. The study confirms the influence of geographical factors on the morphology of surnames: different structural types of surnames (patronymic forms, toponymic surnames, etc.) prevail in different historical-geographical areas of the regions. The obtained results deepen the understanding of the geocultural identity of the population in Western Ukraine and are significant for further geographical research. In particular, the proposed approach to the study of anthroponyms can complement the developments in cultural toponymy and contribute to interdisciplinary research in the fields of ethnogeography and cultural heritage.

HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE GEODYNAMIC AND SEISMIC STATE OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION

2025-10-24T15:03:52+03:00

The Carpathian region, including Transcarpathia, Prykarpattia, and adjacent territories of neighboring countries, is characterized by seismic activity. The territory of the Transcarpathian internal depression periodically experiences deterioration in meteorological, hydrological, and seismic conditions. These include floods and storms, but there is also a risk of earthquakes. Earthquakes measuring 7–8 on the Richter scale are possible here. The last powerful earthquake in Transcarpathia occurred in 1908 near the town of Svalyava (Transcarpathian region). The frequency of strong underground tremors in the Transcarpathian internal depression is once every 100±30 years, so the probability of underground disasters is increasing. The aim of this study is to identify patterns in the meteorological and hydrological conditions of the region, to study modern horizontal crustal movements in the Oash deep fault zone, the spatial and temporal distribution of regional and local seismicity, and establishing the relationships between the ecological state of the region and the dynamics of changes in the geodynamic and seismic state of the environment. The results of comprehensive geophysical observations conducted in the Carpathian region were used to highlight the results of scientific research. Meteorological, hydrological, geodynamic, and microseismic observations are carried out at the geophysical observation stations of the S.I. Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The research was conducted using modern methods and technologies, comparative analysis, correlation analysis, mathematical support, cartographic methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, and Internet resources. Modern crustal movements and local seismicity are considered: seismicity in the region increases during periods when crustal movements are represented by maximum values of crustal displacement, both in terms of rock compression and rock expansion.Atmospheric precipitation and modern crustal movements in the region were studied, and it was shown that intense atmospheric precipitation is accompanied by crustal compression, since the appearance of additional mass on the surface of the Earth's crust leads to rock compression. Variations in atmospheric precipitation in the central part of Transcarpathia and the spatial-temporal distribution of regional and local seismicity were studied: it was found that intense atmospheric precipitation during the next time interval is accompanied by local earthquakes. It is important to note the time intervals that combine dynamic changes in geophysical field parameters and variations in hydrological conditions in the region. For the first time, the factors influencing the parameters of the hydrological state of the environment in combination with seismotectonic processes in a seismically hazardous region have been analyzed, and the geodynamic aspect of local seismicity in 2024 has been indicated. The results obtained in this work can be used in studying the ecological state of Transcarpathia, the Carpathian region, the geography of the region, and the geophysical characteristics of earthquake-prone areas of the Earth. The research methods can be proposed for use in natural science clubs in general education schools, extracurricular education clubs, and in the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences system. The research algorithms can be applied when working on coursework and thesis projects in higher education.

NETWORK OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OF CHERNIVTSI OBLAST: SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

2025-10-24T15:11:13+03:00

The cultural sector plays one of the leading roles in shaping worldview, national identity, societal values and social cohesion. Given its significance in human life, there is a need for systematic scientific research in this area. The chosen topic is especially relevant in the context of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine.The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics and current state of the network of culturalinstitutions in Chernivtsi Oblast. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, descriptive, generalization,modeling, cartographic, comparative-geographical, statistical, mathematical.The article analyzes the dynamics of the number of cultural institutions in Chernivtsi Oblast and the provision of the population with them during the period 2013–2023. A reduction in the network of such institutions is predominantly observed. The current state of the infrastructure of the cultural and artistic sphere, which includes libraries, club institutions, film screening venues, art schools, museums, theaters, philharmonic hall, archives, etc., is examined. The coefficients of localization and territorial concentration of individual cultural institutions at the level of territorial communities (hromadas) of the region are calculated. The results of the calculations indicate an uneven distribution of institutions across the territory. The hromadas of Chernivtsi Oblast with the lowest values of the integral coefficient of localization of cultural institutions (relative to the number of the population) include Chernivtsi, Chahor, Chudei, Boiany and Mahala hromadas. The lowest level of territorial concentration of institutions (relative to the area of the territory) is observed in Seliatyn, Berehomet, Chudei, Boiany and Mahala hromadas. At the same time, the highest rates of localization of cultural institutions are characteristic of Vyzhnytsia, Koniatyn, Vikno, Ust-Putyla and Brusnytsia hromadas, and the highest rates of territorial concentration are characteristic of Novodnistrovsk, Chernivtsi, Vyzhnytsia, Nepolokivtsi and Kostryzhivka hromadas.

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL AS A SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL CATEGORY

2025-10-24T15:14:06+03:00

This article examines the features of the definition of the concept of “intellectual potential” as a socio- geographic category. Scientific works in the field of economics, sociology, pedagogy, sociology and psychology are analyzed in order to comprehensively understand this concept as an important identifier of the economic and social development of individual territorial communities or regions, oblasts in conditions of decentralization and war. The place of intellectual potential in maintaining economic and social security as components of national security in modern conditions is determined.In today’s conditions of rapid transformations of the information society and intellectualization of regional development, the relevance of researching intellectual potential as an important factor in socio-geographic processes is growing. Despite the growing number of publications on this topic, the concept of intellectual potential still does not have a well-established interpretation in domestic geographical science.The purpose of the article is to systematize scientific approaches to determining the essence of intellectual potential and justify the feasibility of considering it as a separate socio-geographic category.The study used such methods as comparative and analytical analysis of scientific sources, systematization of the terminological apparatus, logical and theoretical generalization, as well as elements of systemic and structural-functional approaches.As a result of the study, the main scientific paradigms of the interpretation of intellectual potential were identified – economic, sociological, educational and geographical; they were compared and the specifics of the spatial dimension of this concept were emphasized. The author’s definition of intellectual potential as a spatially organized complex of human resources with a high level of education, knowledge activity and ability to innovative development was proposed.The scientific novelty lies in clarifying the content of the category “intellectual potential” in the context of spatial differentiation and regional development. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the research results to assess the intellectual resources of territories, planning educational and innovation policies at the regional level.

THE MODERN STRUCTURE OF THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIELDS OF SNOW COVER DISTRIBUTION IN THE ODESA REGION

2025-10-24T15:18:04+03:00

The article presents an analysis of the statistical parameters of snow cover distribution over the territory of Odesa Oblast during the period from 1996 to 2018.Snow cover is one of the most important climatic indicators, influencing the water balance, agricultural sector, hydrological regime of rivers, and ecosystems.In regions with unstable snow regimes, such as Odesa Oblast, monitoring snow cover is of particular importance, as even minor changes in its duration or depth can have significant environmental and socio- economic consequences. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of the statistical structure of snow cover distribution across the territory of Odesa Oblast.Snow cover monitoring consists of daily observations of snow cover conditions and periodic surveys aimed at determining snow quantity and water reserves within the natural landscape. To determine the statistical parameters of snow cover distribution, a research framework for analyzing the physical parameters of the atmosphere was employed, based on methods of mathematical statistics and probability theory.To describe the climatic parameters of snow cover, average snow depths are calculated not for entire months, but for 10-day periods (decades) within the cold season.Based on the results of the study, statistical and climatic parameters of snow cover were obtained for the investigation period, and fields of the statistical structure of snow distribution were constructed.The field of isolines for maximum values indicates a decrease in maximum snow depth from the north of the region toward the south. The average values generally reflect a similar distribution, with a maximum in the north and a minimum in the south of the oblast.The distribution of the standard deviation resembles the previous fields, with a maximum near Liubashivka and a minimum at the Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi station. Both skewness and kurtosis exhibit positive values, indicating right-skewed distribution and a leptokurtic (heavy-tailed) shape of the snow depth distribution curve. At all observation stations in Odesa Oblast, the most frequent snow depth is within the range of 1–5 cm. Snow depths exceeding 50 cm are recorded only at the Liubashivka station, which is located in the northern part of the region.

STRUCTURE OF THE NATURAL YEAR AT LUTSK WEATHER STATION AND TRENDS OF ITS CHANGES DURING 2001–2024

2025-10-24T15:24:52+03:00

The structure of the natural year is an important indicator of regional manifestations of climate change in the temperate zone. Analysis of the duration and temporal boundaries of meteorological seasons enables tracking transformations in seasonal rhythms of natural processes and assessing the scale of climate change at the local level. The aim of the study was to clarify trends in duration and temporal boundaries of meteorological seasons at Lutsk weather station during 2001–2024 using methods of cameral data processing (mathematical-statistical, graphical, comparative analysis) from Volyn Regional Hydrometeorological Center on dates of daily mean air temperature transitions through critical values of 0 and +15℃ to assess statistical significance of linear trends of the studied parameters. It was established that summer dominates in the natural year structure (about 33%), winter has the smallest share (slightly more than 17%), while spring and autumn occupy almost equal shares of 24–25% each.On average, winter duration at Lutsk weather station is 64 days, spring – 92 days, summer – 119 days, autumn – 90 days. Winter and autumn are characterized by trends of decreasing duration, while summer and spring show increasing trends. Changes in winter and spring season duration are statistically significant. Summer duration increases primarily due to September days, while spring duration increasesdue to predominance of positive temperatures in January and February. Meteorological winter duration shortens due to warming in the cold period of the year. Of particular significance are the identified cases of anomalously short winters, including practical absence of winter season in Volyn region in 2022/2023 (1 day), which is an atypical phenomenon for temperate climate. Autumn season, despite a weakly expressed tendency to decrease in duration, is the most stable in terms of duration. Only its chronological boundaries change, shifting towards winter. These patterns are consistent with current trends of warm period lengthening in the temperate climate zone. Research results can be useful for studying agroclimatic, bioclimatic, recreational potentials of the city and adjacent territories.

CLOUDINESS AT LUTSK WEATHER STATION AND TRENDS OF ITS CHANGES DURING 2001–2020

2025-10-24T15:29:34+03:00

The article is devoted to the study of the annual regime of total cloudiness and long-term trends in changes of its monthly, seasonal and annual values at Lutsk weather station during 2001–2020 in the context of global climate change and its regional manifestations in Volyn region. The work uses archival materials from the Volyn Regional Hydrometeorological Center and applies mathematical- statistical, graphical, systematic, descriptive and comparative-geographical research methods. It has been established that the average annual cloudiness at the weather station is 6,4 points. The highest cloudiness is observed in winter (7,9 points), the lowest in summer (5,5 points). During the cold period of the year (November – March) cloudiness is 7,5 points, during the warm period (April – October) – 5,6 points.Regarding the months of the year, maximum cloudiness values are characteristic in December and January (respectively 8,0–8,1 points), and minimum values (5,0 points) in August. A key result of the study is the identification of statistically significant increasing trends in cloudiness for annual mean values, mean values of cloudiness during cold and warm periods of the year, winter and summer seasons. The identified trend of increasing cloudiness indicates significant changes in the climatic conditions of the region and and is explained by the physical mechanisms of climate process development, particularly the increase in atmospheric air temperature, intensification of evaporation and cloud formation processes, with subsequent transport of moist air masses from the Atlantic Ocean eastward in the temperate climate zone. The obtained results have important scientific and practical significance for understanding regional manifestations of global climate change in Volyn region, developing adaptation strategies for agriculture, forestry and water management in the region, as well as for forecasting future changes in weather and climate conditions and assessing their impact on various economic sectors, ecosystem conditions and population welfare.