Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences

DEVELOPMENT OF SENSITIVE ELEMENTS OF OPTICAL SENSORS FOR DETECTION OF ORGANIC AMINES IN CONTAMINATED AREAS

2025-07-24T15:05:12+03:00

Chemical and biological pollutants are present in the presence of gases, so the detection of such gases is necessary for the rapid detection of the presence of pollutants or their components. Organic amines pose a threat to humans and the environment, so the creation of toxic gas sensors is necessary for the rapid detection of these substances. Promising materials for such sensors are conductive conjugated polymers, include polyaniline and their derivatives.The features of the optical absorption of a polyaniline film under the action of ammonia and organic amines were studied. To obtain samples, the method of chemical polymerization of aniline in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid under the action of an equimolar amount of ammonium persulfate was used.The IR spectrum and optical absorption spectrum of polyaniline were analyzed, and the main characteristic bands of the obtained sample were established. The films were tested for ammonia, diethylenetriamine (DETA), and polyethylenepolyamine (PEPA) vapors. With exposure to ammonia, a significant shift of the band with a peak at λ = 820 nm occurs and a new band with a maximum at λ = 590 nm is formed.Under the action of DETA and PEPA vapors, a decrease in the optical density of the band is observed in the wavelength range of 700–1 000 nm, and in the region of 500–650 nm, optical absorption increases, which may be associated with an increase in the concentration of amino-quinoid fragments. However, under the action of PEPA, the change in the optical density of the band at 820 nm is more noticeable than under DETA, and a band with a maximum at 610 nm is also formed.It was established that the sensitivity of the PAn film to the action of gases is maximum at a wavelength of 600 nm. The reaction rate of samples on ammonia is the highest at λ = 600 nm, and under the action of organic amines – at 820 nm.The results obtained will become the basis for the development of sensitive elements of optical sensors for the detection of toxic amines in contaminated areas, in production facilities of chemical enterprises, warehouses, etc.

STUDY OF FIRE PROTECTION PROPERTIES OF INTUMESCENT ROLL COATINGS

2025-07-24T15:10:58+03:00

Ensuring effective and rapid fire protection of building structures, infrastructure and defence facilities requires the use of efficient, technologically advanced mobile means. Intumescent roll coatings are of particular relevance, as they are capable of providing constructive and reactive fire protection through the interaction of fibre substrate and special compositions. These coatings are flexible, easy to apply and adaptable to different operating conditions. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of graphite fillers on the fire protection efficiency of roll intumescent fire protection materials based on different types of inorganic substrates (glass fibre, mineral fibre, ceramic fibre). The methods of the experiment were the preparation of compositions based on the ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/ melamine (MA)/pentaerythritol (PE) system with the variable addition of expandable (EG) and swollen graphite (SG), the formation of roll coatings, and fire tests using the Bunsen burner method. The necessity of combining graphite fillers with an intumescent system to achieve effective fire protection characteristics of reactive roll coatings has been proved. The study found that the most effective compositions contain EG – no more than 5%, SG – no more than 1%, and also include a glass fibre mesh as a reinforcing element. Such coatings provide stable intensive swelling, formation of a homogeneous char layer and effective thermal insulation. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of the influence of formulation parameters on the thermal insulation properties of coatings, which allows for a targeted approach to the design of the composition of the intumescent coating with specified fire resistance indicators. The practical significance of the study is based on the possibility of implementing the developed roll of mobile fire protection products, the production of which is not available in Ukraine.

THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT OF MILK ON EQUILIBRIA INVOLVINGIONIC CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IONS

2025-07-24T15:18:31+03:00

Heat treatment of milk is a mandatory procedure for its purification from harmful microorganisms and extension of its shelf life. Most methods for assessing the heat treatment of milk are based on the subsequent determination of some components of the product after heating, for example, determination of enzyme activity, whey proteins, Maillard reaction products. In the presented work, an assessment of the possible correlation between the main mineral components of milk and the degree of its heat treatment was carried out. 17 commercial samples of milk were selected for the study, including: natural raw, pasteurized, microfiltered, ultrapasteurized, sterilized, 2 samples of manufactured reconstituted milk product and two mixtures of pasteurized and reconstituted milk in different ratios.The total calcium content in milk and the calcium content after casein separation, the so-called ionic or serum calcium, were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The content of phosphate ions in the studied milk samples was determined by ion chromatography with a conductometric detector. The content of total phosphorus was determined photometrically with phosphoromolybdenum heteropolyacid after dry ashing of the sample. The content of dry non-fat milk residue, protein, fat and lactose in milk samples was determined using an Ecomilk ultrasonic analyzer. The processing of the entire data set was carried out chemometrically, using the principal component method. It was established that samples of reconstituted milk and mixtures of reconstituted milk with pasteurized milk are allocated to a separate group. According to the graph of the loadings of the first and second components, it is noted that the main difference in the samples is the ratio of ionic phosphate to total phosphorus and the content of total protein.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

2025-07-24T15:24:09+03:00

The article presents an analytical and systematic overview of innovative technologies applied in the production and use of inorganic substances. The relevance of the study is driven by increasing demands for material quality, energy efficiency, and environmental safety in the chemical industry.The focus is placed on technologies based on digital solutions (SCADA, IoT, artificial intelligence), nanomaterials, and advanced synthesis methods (electrochemical, hydrometallurgical, catalytic).A comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical properties of synthesized inorganic materials was conducted using spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric methods. It was established that the obtained materials exhibit high thermal stability (900–1 200 °C), electrical conductivity (10-²–10° S/cm), enhanced catalytic activity (reaction rate increased by 60–80%), and compressive strength exceeding 120 MPa. Experimental data confirm the effectiveness of digital control platforms: the implementation of SCADA systems and IoT sensors reduced energy consumption by 18,4%, decreased defective output by 23,7%, and improved reagent dosing accuracy to ±0,5%.The use of machine learning algorithms contributed to the optimization of synthesis regimes, shortening reaction times by 12–15% and increasing deviation prediction accuracy to 95–97%. The study also explored the impact of nanotechnology on improving performance properties such as photocatalytic activity (up to 60%) and sorption capacity for heavy metals (up to 4,2 mg/g). Environmental analysis demonstrated the feasibility of using secondary raw materials, reducing the demand for primary resources by 25–30%.The research results prove that the integrated application of innovative technological and digital solutions in the production of inorganic substances opens up new prospects for the chemical industry under sustainable development conditions. A system model for combining these solutions is proposed to enhance efficiency, quality, and environmental safety of synthesis processes.

ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF THE SURFACE OF NANOSCALE FE3O4

2025-07-24T15:30:59+03:00

Nanosized magnetite is widely used to create magnetically sensitive nanocomposites for biological and medical applications. Its low toxicity and the possibility of surface functionalization make it a unique object for research. Nanosized magnetite (Fe3O4) was synthesized by the sol-gel method, using Fe(II) and Fe(III) chlorides and 25% ammonia solution as precursors. The morphological characteristics of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were determined by electron microscopy (JEOL 1200 EX with a tungsten filament (accelerating voltage 120 kV). According to the obtained data, MNPs have a spherical shape with an average diameter of 6,76 ± 1,54 nm without significant aggregation. X-ray structural studies were carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (DRON-UM1 with Fe filter CuKα-radiation, Bragg- Brentano focusing, in the range 2θ 20–60° with a step of 0,1°, exposure 1 s.). The diffraction patterns show reflections (at 2θ = 30,1; 35,6; 44; 53,3; 57,4; 62,8 with interplanar distances 2,96; 2,52; 2,05; 1,71; 1,60; 1,47), which correspond to the crystalline phase of magnetite. The acid-base properties of the surface were investigated by pH-metry: the pH value of the surface isoelectric state (pHIEP), the total concentration and the Ki and pK values of surface hydroxyl groups active in the pH range 4–9, and the dependences of the proportion of surface hydroxyl groups on the pH of the medium in a 0,015 M NaCl solution were calculated. It was found that for nanoparticles of synthesized samples, neutral hydroxyl groups prevail, which makes it possible to form centers of both acidic and basic types. Thus, for Fe3O4 up to pH = 6, basic centers (С = 155,56 ·10−5 mol·g−1) are active, the strength of which decreases with decreasing pH (pK = 2,65 – 4,48). Acid centers in a very small amount (4,93·10− 6 mol·g− 1) are fixed in the pH range 6,5–9 and exhibit weakly acidic properties (pK = 10,95–11,24).

INFLUENCE OF WATER EXTRACTIONS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF METALS IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS

2025-07-24T15:38:09+03:00

The work is devoted to the study of the corrosion resistance of metals in an acidic environment with the addition of aqueous extracts from plants that are widely distributed in the Zaporizhia region: dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia).The effect of water extracts was studied on rectangular samples of steel St1ps (carbon structural) and 30KhGSA (structural alloy), which are widely used for the manufacture of metal structures and parts in various industries. The research was conducted in a corrosive-aggressive environment – a 10% solution of sulfuric acid. The rate of corrosion of steel samples in an acidic environment was estimated by the gravimetric method using standard indicators. The results obtained showed a positive effect of all aqueous extracts from plant raw materials on St1ps steel. Also, a positive effect of sunflower extract, a mixture of ragweed extracts and other two plants on 30KhGSA steel in a sulfuric acid environment was revealed. The influence of surface treatment of samples on the intensity of the corrosion process was determined. The ends and holes of the steel plates showed lower corrosion resistance than the areas that were processed on a grinding and carousel machine and polished using a polishing head. Probably, one of the possible mechanisms of action of the studied aqueous plant extracts is the reduction of the corrosion rate by adsorption, i.e. the formation of a protective barrier on the metal surface. Based on the conducted studies, it is possible to recommend extracts from dandelion, sunflower and ragweed as promising substances for increasing the corrosion resistance of metals and creating new “green” inhibitors of acid corrosion.

GEO-ECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN THE TERRITORY OF ZHYTOMYR REGION: ANALYSIS OF DATA FOR THE PERIOD 2019–2024

2025-07-24T14:54:01+03:00

It is analysed the current state of the environment in the Zhytomyr region and identifies the main factors that influenced the formation of the geoecological situation in the region during 2019–2024 in the article.It was determined that air pollution in the region is primarily caused by specific industrial sectors (such as thermal power engineering, metallurgy, petrochemical, and construction industries), as well as road transport. Regarding water resources, the main pollutants are discharges of wastewater from various industrial and domestic activities. Analysis revealed that these discharges contain dissolved mineral inorganic salts, heavy metals, and organic substances. During the study period, 12 enterprises in the Zhytomyr region discharged contaminated wastewater into surface water bodies. The largest polluters included housing and communal services, enterprises in the processing and transport industries, as well as building maintenance and healthcare sectors. Notably, the radiological status of surface waters in the Zhytomyr region remained stable and without significant changes.Based on the analysis, it was established that the main environmental problem of Zhytomyr region is waste management. The main component of the total mass of waste in the region is solid household and industrial waste of hazard class IV. One of the main methods of preserving species diversity in the territory of Zhytomyr region is the creation of nature reserves. Based on the results of the study, the authors proposed ways to optimize the improvement of the geoecological situation in the territory of Zhytomyr region.

DYNAMICS OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND OVER LUTSK DURING 2013–2023

2025-07-24T15:00:29+03:00

In the 21st century the level of urbanization is constantly growing both in the world and in Ukraine. In the Volyn region, the largest city is Lutsk. In Lutsk, as in any large city, its own microclimate is formed, the features of which are determined by the nature of the underlying surface and circulation processes in the atmosphere, relief, distribution of green areas and water bodies, location of industrial zones and other natural and anthropogenic factors. One of the manifestations of the influence of a large city on regional climate features is the formation of an urban heat island. The phenomenon of a heat island affects the work of urban utilities and transport, it can lead to changes in the local microclimate, for example, increase the discomfort of city residents in the summer due to the influence of hyperthermia.Therefore, its study is an urgent scientific task.The purpose of the work – research into the conditions of formation, dynamics, structure and environmental consequences of the urban heat island in Lutsk. Tasks of the work: 1) using a comparative analysis of space satellite infrared images of the Lutsk territory, assess the distribution and origin of heat island formation centers over the city in annual dynamics and under different weather conditions during the period 2013–2023; 2) conduct a series of instrumental measurements of air temperature in Lutsk and its surroundings with subsequent evaluation of the results;3) investigate the existence of a connection between the type and nature of meteorological conditions and manifestations of the heat island; 4) develop proposals for improving the microclimate of the city and its individual microdistricts in the context of the problem being studied.In the process of preparing the work, analytical, descriptive, comparative-evaluative, mathematical- statistical and graphic methods were used. Typical methods and algorithms of statistical and graphic analysis in MS Excel, instrumental and cartographic methods.The conditions for the formation and annual dynamics of the urban heat island in Lutsk were determined; areas and sections of the city with strong manifestations of elevated air temperature and active surface were identified; differences in temperature fields in the city and in the suburban area were assessed; a series of graphs, diagrams, cartograms were developed based on the results of instrumental measurements and their analysis; proposals were developed to improve the microclimate of the city and its individual microdistricts. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a detailed analysis of the manifestations of the urban heat island over Lutsk was carried out using a combination of remote sensing methods and instrumental analysis. The practical application of the obtained results is possible in the field of planning urban development measures to adapt to climate change and the increase in cases of periods of extreme heat (greening, energy-saving technologies, planning a network of artificial water bodies in the city, optimization of the work of municipal structures and transport).

STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY IN SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF PRECARPATHIA

2025-07-24T14:18:29+03:00

The imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants in the body under the influence of environmental and internal stress factors provokes the development of oxidative stress – a process that underlies many pathological conditions. One of the promising ways to minimize the consequences of oxidative stress is the use of natural antioxidants, especially preparations based on medicinal plants. Researching the antioxidant activity of plant raw materials is important for medicine, pharmacology, and ecology, as it allows for the assessment of the potential of biologically active substances for the prevention and treatment of diseases.The aim of this work was to study the activity of key antioxidant enzymes – catalase and peroxidase – in plant raw materials of 15 species of medicinal plants of the Precarpathian flora. Plant samples were collected in ecologically clean areas near the town of Boryslav during the period 2020–2024. The determination of enzyme activity was carried out by spectrophotometric methods.The results of the study showed significant differences in the antioxidant activity of enzymes in different plant species. The highest peroxidase activity was recorded in common chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and burdock (Arctium lappa L.), while the highest catalase activity was observed in tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) and common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.). Many of the studied plants are characterized by high activity of both enzymes, which indicates the coordinated work of the antioxidant system.The obtained results emphasize the importance of further research into the biochemical mechanisms of antioxidant defense for the development of effective phytopreparations and increasing the resistance of plants to stress factors.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LIVER IN BIGHEAD CARP (HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS NOBILIS)

2025-07-24T14:23:48+03:00

To determine the ecological and toxicological situation and assess the impact of various adverse factors in the aquatic environment on aquatic organisms, it is essential to conduct a morphological analysis of specific organs that are most susceptible to negative influences.This article presents the results of research on the histological and ultrastructural features of the liver in a bony fish from the Cyprinidae family – the bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) (Eschmeyer, 2003). An analysis of the microstructure of the liver tissue was conducted using light microscopy and ultrastructural methods, which allowed for the identification of key morphological and functional characteristics of the organ.It has been established that during the phylogenetic development of fish living in aquatic environments, a certain structural reorganization of the liver occurs. Adaptations to various environmental conditions were accompanied by changes in several morphological parameters of the liver. In the bighead carp (a herbivorous species), the liver is trilobate. A distinctive feature of the bighead carp’s liver is the presence of a hepatopancreas – a combined organ formed by the liver and pancreas.A characteristic feature of the microscopic structure of the Cyprinidae liver is the poorly developed interlobular connective tissue. The liver parenchyma has a tubular structure in the form of polygonal, irregularly shaped thick-walled tubules, with their walls composed of hepatocytes. These tubules are surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries that facilitate effective metabolic exchange between the blood and liver cells, contributing to detoxification and nutrient processing. Large glycogen deposits are also observed in these tubules, indicating a high level of metabolic activity and the liver’s ability to store energy resources.The study examined the condition of hepatocytes, the vascular system of the liver, and structural changes arising from various ecological and physiological factors. The primary adaptive mechanisms of liver tissue that ensure its functional activity in the bighead carp were identified. The results obtained expand and complement existing knowledge on the macro- and micro- scopic structure of the liver, contributing to the fields of anatomy, histology, comparative anatomy, zoology, and related disciplines regarding the species-specific features of Cyprinidae fish.

LUNGS HISTOMORPHOLOGУ OF THE CLARII CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS)

2025-07-24T14:30:40+03:00

The vital activity of living organisms for their existence is essential for providing cells and tissues with oxygen and nutrients and the excretion of metabolic products. The body’s response to environmental influences, uniting all organs and systems into a single whole, requires the regular morphofunctional activity of all body systems, including the respiratory system, which served as the purpose of the research.Using macro- and microscopic, morphometric, and statistical research methods, the results are presented on the microscopic structure of the gills of the Clarius catfish. Thus, in the gas exchange system of birefringent fish, represented by the Clarius catfish, changes occur in the process of their phylogenetic development (two circles of blood circulation are formed), which are characteristic of amphibians, in which, in addition to gills, paired lungs are also formed, thanks to which animals can breathe atmospheric air.The gills of the Clarius catfish are formed by branched anatomical structures located on the second and fourth-gill arches. These are paired pale pink morphological structures with cellular walls connected to the esophagus. The medial and lateral lobes form the right and left lungs: starting from the gill cavities, the main trunk of the medial lobe of the lungs branches out like a tree into four large branches, which are divided into medium, small, giving rise to thick-walled alveoli. The lateral lobe of the lungs begins with a separate trunk that is not connected to the medial lobe of the lungs.The lungs of the Claria catfish are covered with a connective tissue membrane (pleura), which is microscopically formed by three layers: outer, middle, and inner. The microscopic structure of the wall of the bronchi of the lungs is built of three membranes – outer, middle (muscular), and inner: the surface of the wall of the outer membrane is formed by epithelial cells that form elongated villi, the lamina propria of the membrane is formed by loose connective tissue, in which a network of blood vessels is located; the muscular membrane of the wall is formed by transversely striated muscle tissue, the fibers of which have a longitudinal direction; the inner membrane is thin and formed by elongated epithelial cells. The cavity of the bronchi, throughout the entire interval of the bronchial tree, ending in the pulmonary alveoli, is filled with reticular tissue.According to morphometric studies, the most prominent morphometric parameters (wall thickness, thickness of the bronchial cavity) are characteristic of large, then medium, and, accordingly, small bronchi. Pulmonary alveoli have a rounded shape; microscopically, a significant network of vessels (capillaries) of the microcirculatory bed is detected in the wall of the connective tissue membrane. The average volume of pulmonary alveoli is 94770 ± 909 thousand. mcm3, the average volume of the alveoli cavity, filled with reticular tissue, is 27862 ± 413 thousand. mcm3. With such indicators, the ratio of the volume of the alveoli cavity to the volume of its wall is 0.4164.

DYNAMICS OF ZINC, MAGNESIUM AND COPPER CONTENT IN THYMUS CELLS OF ANIMALS UPON ADMINISTRATION OF SULFATES OF THESE METALS

2025-07-24T14:36:48+03:00

Zinc, magnesium and copper are very important elements in the human and animal body. They affect the activity of various physiological systems, including the immune system. These metals determine the work of all links of immunity, as well as the thymus gland – the central organ of immunogenesis.Zinc, magnesium and copper deficiency is accompanied by gradual atrophy of the thymus and leads to a significant disruption of the processes of cellular and humoral immunity. Therefore, studies of the content of metals in cells of the immune system, in particular the thymus gland, are relevant.The aim of the study was to study changes in the content of zinc, magnesium and copper in thymic epithelial cells (TEC) of mice and rats upon administration of sulfates of these metals. Previously, such studies were not conducted due to the lack of perfect methods for the cytochemical determination of these metals in thymus cells. The development in our laboratory of cytochemical reactions of 8-(paratoluenesulfonylamino)-quinoline on zinc, lumomagnesone on magnesium and lumocupferone on copper in TEC allowed us to conduct the following studies. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to assess the degree of relationship between changes in the studied parameters. It was found that in the thymus cells of mice and rats after the administration of zinc and magnesium sulfates, the content of these metals increased against the background of copper deficiency. Under the influence of copper sulfate, copper accumulation was observed in the TEC of animals, as well as zinc and magnesium deficiency. The correlation analysis conducted showed the synergistic nature of the relationship in the cells of zinc and magnesium, and the antagonistic relationship between these metals and copper. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results obtained make it possible to correct immunological status disorders with zinc, magnesium and copper preparations, as well as a diet enriched with these metals.

ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMATIC STRUCTURE OF THE FLORA OF WATER AND COASTAL-WATER ECOSYSTEMS OF SMALL RIVERS OF THE DESNA RIVER LOWER REACHES

2025-07-24T14:40:00+03:00

The relevance of studying the flora of small rivers in the lower Desna is due to the need to analyze the phytodiversity of ecosystems that are subject to significant anthropogenic impact and demonstrate high ecological vulnerability. Small watercourses play a key role in the functioning of the landscapes of Polissia, ensuring the maintenance of the hydrological regime, the stability of local biocenoses and the preservation of rare and hydrological species. Climate change, intensification of economic activity, urbanization and drainage of territories lead to a significant impoverishment of the species composition of the flora. In this regard, the study of the flora of aquatic and coastal aquatic coenoses is of particular importance for substantiating measures for the protection and restoration of natural ecosystems. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the systematic structure of the flora of aquatic and coastal aquatic ecosystems of small rivers in the lower Desna, identification of taxonomic diversity and clarification of the level of synanthropization. The work is based on field materials from 2016–2023, carried out within the boundaries of the Lyubetsko- Chernihiv and Dniprovsko-Nizhnyodesny physical and geographical regions of Chernihiv Polissia. Field surveys were conducted by semi-stationary and route methods along the beds of small rivers, with mandatory processing of herbarium material and literary sources. The nomenclature of taxa is given in accordance with Plants of the World Online. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the presented comprehensive structural and comparative analysis of the flora of small rivers of the lower Desna, with the determination of leading genera and families, structural patterns, the level of synanthropization and ecological transformation of the floristic composition. The collected materials allow us to form an idea of the ecological state of the region’s aquatic ecosystems and can serve as a basis for further research.The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of their use in environmental planning, monitoring of biodiversity changes, preparation of programs for the restoration of degraded areas, as well as in educational and scientific work to form the environmental awareness of the local population.

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES, NUTRIENT NEEDS AND FEEDING TECHNIQUES OF MINKS

2025-07-24T14:43:34+03:00

The article highlights the biological features, characteristics of keeping, feeding techniques and feed ration of the American mink (Neogale vison). It is noted that for the fauna of Ukraine, the American mink is an invasive species that has spread from farms where it is grown for fur production. Today, the mink is a popular object for animal husbandry not only in Ukraine but also abroad. There are about 300 colors, of which 30 are used for fur production.The mink is an energetic and agile animal with a lightning-fast reaction and behavior typical of predators. These animals cannot be handled without special precautions.It is noted that when breeding minks in farm conditions, they are quite picky about the conditions of keeping and feeding. Under the existing technology, carnivorous fur animals are fed with wet mixtures of raw, boiled and dry feed. The importance of adhering to the established feeding regimen is emphasized. Young animals and adults are usually fed twice a day (morning and evening). It is better to transfer minks to a single feeding from September (after dividing the population into breeding and slaughter animals). The remains of the mixed feed must be removed before the next distribution, and for puppies during the suckling period and in the first days after weaning – 2–3 hours after distribution. The animals are watered 2–3 times a day using a hose, in winter, in severe frosts, instead of water, clean snow is put in the drinker.To provide minks with all the nutrients, as well as to obtain high-quality fur, feeding rations should be balanced in terms of protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and special additives.The optimal ratio of these components is given. When compiling rations from meat products, horse and lamb are most often used, and in their absence – pork, beef and poultry. A mandatory condition for feeding minks is the presence of fish products (seafood) up to 30%, offal (liver, udder, tripe, abomasum, stomach, lungs, spleen). Of dairy products, skimmed, whole milk, cheese are most often used. It is important to use various additives to balance rations (bone, meat-bone, fish meal).

THE FORMATION OF PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS OF WINTER WHEAT PLANTS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE SOWING RATES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T15:42:42+03:00

The seeding rate is one of the main effective elements of the formation of an effective productive stem, that is, the maximum level of productivity. The purpose of the research was to establish the reaction of different varieties of winter wheat to seeding rates in the conditions of the eastern part of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted in the field crop rotation of the Donetsk State Agricultural Research Station of the NAAS of Ukraine during 2021–2024. The wheat varieties Vezha (Lutescens) and Yuzovska (Erythrospermum) were used for sowing. When using a seeding rate of 1,5 million pcs./ha, plants of the Yuzovska variety formed 8 grains per ear, when sowing at a seeding rate of 4,5 million pcs./ha – 9 pcs., and at a seeding rate of 6,5 million pcs./ha – 6 pcs. less than plants of the Vezha variety. When using lower seeding rates (1,5 and 2,5 million pcs./ha), the 1 000-grain weight was higher in the Vezha variety by 0,48 and 0,52 g, respectively. When seeding rates were increased, the 1 000-grain weight was higher in the Yuzovska variety: 3,5 million pcs./ha – by 9,40 g; 4,5 million pcs./ha – 3,05 g; 5,5 million pcs./ha – 6,18 g; 6,5 million pcs./ha – 0,63 g. It was found that on average over the years of research, the best yield indicators of winter wheat of the Vezha variety (Lutescens) were obtained at a seeding rate of 4,5 million pcs./ha (6,2 t/ha), of the winter wheat variety Yuzovska (Erythrospermum) – 3,5 million pcs./ha (6,9 t/ha). It was found that depending on the conditions of the year, seeding rates had different effects on the level of plant productivity. Under favorable vegetation conditions (2023), the highest yield level was formed in the Vezha variety at a seeding rate of 4,5 million pcs./ha – 8,9 t/ha, in the Yuzovska variety at a seeding rate of 3,5 million pcs./ha – 9,3 t/ha. Under arid vegetation conditions (2024), the highest productivity of winter wheat plants of both varieties was at a seeding rate of 2,5 million pcs./ha: Vezha – 4,4 t/ha; Yuzovska – 4,8 t/ha.Thus, winter wheat plants of the Erythrospermum variety produce a higher yield at a lower seeding rate (3,5 million pcs./ha) than plants of the Lutescens variety (4,5 million pcs./ha), and under dry vegetation conditions the seeding rate should be reduced to 2,5 million pcs./ha.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS ON THE FEATURES OF GROWING PERENNIAL SWITCHGRASS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T15:48:01+03:00

The depletion of traditional energy sources and the rising cost of energy resources significantly complicate the formation of a competitive cost structure for products in the agricultural and industrial sectors, which in turn undermines their positions in global markets. In this context, a strategic priority of national policy is the rational use of the country’s existing fuel and energy potential, as well as the diversification of energy sources and supply routes.The relevance of the research lies in the need to expand the use of renewable energy sources in Ukraine, particularly biomass, in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of various agrotechnical measures, including the application rates of mineral fertilizers and biostimulants, on the productivity of perennial sida as a biomass source for energy purposes.The research methods included field experiments on sod-podzolic soil with different fertilizer and biostimulant application schemes.It was found that the formation of above-ground biomass in perennial sida, particularly plant height, depends on the morphological characteristics of the cultivar, hydrothermal conditions, and agronomic practices, especially fertilizer application. The results showed that the combined use of mineral fertilizers at a rate of N30P30K30 together with the biostimulant Intermag Titan provides the greatest increase in plant height and stem diameter, thereby enhancing the biomass productivity of the crop.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the evaluation of the synergistic effect of mineral fertilizers and biostimulants on the improvement of morphological traits in perennial sida. The practical significance of the obtained results is the potential application of the identified agrotechnical measures to improve the efficiency of growing energy crops in Ukraine, opening new prospects for the use of biomass in the energy sector.

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ELECAMPANE (INULA HELENIUM L.) IN THE POLISSYA REGION OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T16:04:48+03:00

In modern conditions of growing demand for medicinal plants, the development of effective cultivation technologies for valuable species, particularly elecampane (Inula helenium L.), becomes especially important. This perennial plant of the Asteraceae family contains valuable biologically active compounds (inulin, essential oils, alantolactone), which determine its wide application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and veterinary fields.The study aimed to investigate the effect of different mineral fertilizer rates (N30P30K30 and N60P60K60) on elecampane productivity in the Polissya region of Ukraine. Field experiments were conducted at the agrobiological station of Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University from 2015 to 2022. The research included evaluation of plant morphometric parameters, biomass accumulation dynamics, and yields of roots, green mass, and seeds.The results demonstrated that mineral fertilizer application significantly improved plant growth and development indicators. At the end of the first vegetation year, plant height in the control (without fertilizers) was 23.0 cm, while with N30P30K30 application it increased to 25.0 cm, and with N60P60K60 – to 26.0 cm. Leaf area expanded from 16.4 cm² in control to 24.3 cm² with double fertilizer dose. Root mass per plant increased from 16.4 to 19.1 g depending on fertilization treatment.The N30P30K30 dose proved to be most effective, providing reliable increases in air-dried root yield by 3.37 t/ha (55.2% compared to control), green mass by 70.1 t/ha (29.4%), and seeds by 1.42 t/ha (86.1%). The double fertilizer dose (N60P60K60) didn’t always show proportional efficiency growth, indicating the advisability of using moderate fertilization rates.Special attention was paid to studying optimal plant density. It was established that maximum productivity was achieved with density of 110 thousand plants/ha and row spacing of 45 cm. Such plantations formed air-dried root yield at 23.5 t/ha, exceeding by 5.4 t/ha the indicators at density of 60 thousand plants/ha.The research results have important practical significance for developing resource-saving elecampane cultivation technologies. They prove the effectiveness of using mineral fertilizers at N30P30K30 rate, which allows obtaining significant yield increases at optimal costs. The obtained data can be used to improve cultivation techniques for this valuable medicinal plant in Polissya and similar climatic regions.

ANALYSIS OF THE VIRULENCE OF THE PATHOGEN BLUMERIA GRAMINIS F. SP. HORDEI AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BARLEY RESISTANCE GENES

2025-07-24T16:10:01+03:00

The article analyzes the frequency dynamics of virulence genes of the barley powdery mildew pathogen and the effectiveness of resistance genes. It is shown that in Ukrainian agroecosystems there was a highly variable pathogen population, similar to the populations of neighboring countries. A comparative analysis was conducted with modern populations of the pathogen in Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, and an analysis of populations from Australia, Kazakhstan and China was provided. It was found that the most effective remains the non-specific resistance gene mlo, for which no virulent isolates were detected. Its effectiveness is very stable even after 43 years of its presence in commercial varieties, despite the fact that these varieties have prevailed in Europe for at least the last three decades. The share of newly registered varieties with this gene increased from 63% in 2006–2010 to 83% during 2016–2020. The resistance of the Mla3, Mlk, Sl-1, Mla1 genes was confirmed and partial overcoming of resistance was reported for the MILa+Mla7 gene combination. The effectiveness of the Mlp gene in Europe was lost and an increase in virulence was detected due to the new resistance gene MlVe.A new resistance gene was identified and named mlmr. Comparison of the genetic structure of Bgh populations in Kazakhstan with populations in Europe, Africa, Australia and Southeast Asia revealed differences. Based on the combined results of the virulence and resistance analysis, it is reported that the virulence gene Vp1 is becoming the main factor contributing to the increase in virulence complexity and pathotype diversity in Central Europe. A general trend of increasing genetic diversity of pathogens has been established, which causes a gradual loss of the effectiveness of most monogenic resistance genes. Stable barley cultivation in conditions of constant pathogen evolution requires strategic use of resistant genotypes, introduction of new sources of resistance, and continuous monitoring of barley powdery mildew pathogen populations both in Ukraine and in Europe.

SYMBIOTIC PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING FIELD PEAS DEPENDING ON AGRONOMIC FACTORS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

2025-07-24T16:14:18+03:00

Inoculants for leguminous crops have been the main driver of intensive technologies over the past decades. The use of biological products leads to improved nodule formation on the roots and an increase in their mass, which significantly impacts the development of the symbiotic system. The cultivation of grain legumes, including peas, in crop rotation allows for the near-complete elimination of mineral nitrogen fertilisers.This article presents the results of a study on the effect of pre-sowing treatments and micronutrients on the formation of symbiotic productivity in field peas of the varieties ESO and HAMBIT. The research was conducted from 2020 to 2024 at the “Podillia” experimental field of “Podillia State University”.The study aimed to investigate the effect of pre-sowing treatments and micronutrient fertilizers on the formation of the symbiotic apparatus of spring-type field peas under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.From ВВСН microstages 13–14, nodules began to form on the roots, but this process was slow. Under the influence of pre-sowing treatments – MIKOFREND, NITROFIKS and RYZOAKTYV BOBOV I – during the vegetation period of pea plants of the ESO and HAMBIT varieties, the indicators of symbiotic productivity increased and reached their maximum at BBCH microstages 60–69. Starting from the grain- filling phase (BBCH microstages 70–79), no new nodules were formed, and the process of biological nitrogen fixation began to decline.It was found that pre-sowing seed treatment with MIKOFREND in combination with the inoculants NITROFIKS and RYZOAKTYV BOBOVI, and the application of the micronutrients NAIS and AVANHARD, resulted in the highest total number and number of active root nodules at the ВВСН 60–69 growth stages. These indicators ranged from 56,3 to 78,3 nodules per plant for the ESO variety, with 46,9 to 59,5 active; for the HAMBIT variety, from 52,4 to 59,5 and 43,6 to 59,5, respectively. In the control variant, depending on the array, the total number of nodules formed during this stage was 28,9–31,1 per plant, with 24,5–26,3 active.

SYMBIOTIC ACTIVITY OF BRADYRHIZOBIOM BACTERIA ON GLICINE HISPIDA PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE STUDIED FACTORS

2025-07-24T16:18:08+03:00

The article presents the results of the study of the effect of pre-sowing inoculation and seed etching on soybean plants depending on the variety.To realize this purpose, the following tasks were solved: to analyze the data of literary sources on the activity of bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium on soybean plants; analyze soybean varieties by key economic characteristics; evaluate soybean varieties by yield indicators; investigate the effect of rubs on the symbiotic activity of soybean plants; find out the effect of inoculants on the growth rate of soybeans.We studied the soybean varieties Mentor and Favorite, which are listed in the State Register of varieties suitable for cultivation in Ukraine and recommended for cultivation in the Polissia zone.Pre-seed inoculation was performed with RizoStart at a rate of 2.5 kg/t of seeds, which contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium elkanii (strains U1301 and U1302), which is great for growing soybeans.Seed etching was performed with Bastion preparation at a rate of 1.5 l/ha.We have established the indicators of the number of nodule bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium on soybean plants. In control (without inoculation) areas, it was noted that their number was 9.0–13.0 pcs/plant in the budding phase (BBCH59).Using Bastion in the budding phase, the mass in Favorit plants was 0.31 g/plant, and in Mentor 0.44 g/plant. In the flowering phase, the results were 1.01–0.94 g/plant. During the maturation phase, the weight of nodule bacteria in the Favorit variety was 0.84 g/plant, and for the Mentor variety 0.80 g/plant.The number of beans per plant in the Favorit variety was 12.3 pcs/plant, and for the Mentor variety 12.0 pcs/plant in the control areas.When etching with Bastion and without inoculation, Favorit and Mentor varieties had the same number of beans – 11.7 pcs/plant. The number of seeds for both varieties was 25.3 pcs/plant. The mass of grain in the Favorit variety was 1.66, and in the Mentor variety 1.58 g/plant.

INFLUENCE OF THE LEVEL OF MOISTURE SUPPLY AND FEEDING AREA ON THE STRUCTURE OF SOYBEAN YIELD AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR SEED PRODUCTION

2025-07-24T16:23:19+03:00

Realising the productivity potential of each variety is a process that is directly related to its adaptive characteristics, such as plasticity and stability. These important properties include indicators such as yield, thousand-seed weight and seed fraction composition, crop structural elements and seed quality.Varieties that demonstrate low adaptability or reduced plasticity are usually subject to significant fluctuations in the above-mentioned parameters from year to year. At the current stage of technology development in agriculture, especially in soybean cultivation, the importance of the variety and its varietal technology is becoming increasingly important, especially in the field of seed production. This is due to the need to optimise agronomic approaches to achieve maxi mum efficiency and sustainability of production processes. The article presents the results of research on the influence of moisture supply and nutrition area on the yield structure of soybean varieties and their importance for seed production in the arid conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.The field studies were conducted in 2022–2024 on the territory of the farm ‘Gryga’ (according to the contract), located in Poltava district of Poltava region. The soil in the area is characterised as typical black soil with low humus content, and the previous crop was winter wheat. The study evaluated 12 soybean varieties developed by leading Ukrainian breeding institutions. These include Avanturin, Adamos, Almaz, Alexandrite, Anthracite, Aquamarine, Arnika, Golubka, Zlatoslava, Muza, Siverka and Samorodok. Laboratory and field experiments have shown significant variability in the response of varieties to changes in the area of nutrition and moisture supply. In addition, the research revealed variations in a number of parameters: plant height, lower bean height, number of beans, number of seeds per plant, number of nodes on the main stem, branching and productivity of each individual variety. The analysis of a wide range of soybean varieties and the impact of feeding area on their productivity was carried out using model experiments. Thanks to the structural analysis of soybean plants, a number of indicators were perfectly evaluated.

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL GROWING METHODS ON THE SPECIFIC AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BINARY CROP OF MELILOTUS ALBUS WITH CEREAL CROPS

2025-07-24T16:25:44+03:00

Production of sufficient quantities of high-quality grassy forages balanced in protein content is an important factor in increasing the economic efficiency of livestock farming. One of the effective ways to reduce protein deficiency and provide animals with complete feed is to grow legume-cereal grass mixtures, the vegetative mass of which contains an optimal combination of protein and carbohydrate compounds, mineral salts and other necessary nutrients. Among the traditional perennial legume crops used in legume-cereal agrophytocenoses, Melilotus albus deserves special attention – a promising fodder crop that is capable of providing stable yields of green mass even under adverse weather conditions. However, there is currently little scientific information on the technological features of growing Melilotus albus in intercropping with cereal crops. The aim of the research is to establish the features of the formation of the species and chemical composition of the herbage of binary crops of Melilotus albus with annual cereal crops depending on the technological cultivation measures. The research was conducted in 2015–2017 in the conditions of the SS of the NULES of Ukraine “Agronomic Research Station”. It was found that thickening of grass with a legume component led to the suppression of cereal crops, especially in binary crops with millet. The highest competitiveness and resistance to thickening were observed in sudan grass and corn.The technological model, which provided maximum yield (51.5 t/ha) and provided for sowing white yam at a rate of 16 kg/ha in binary sowing with Sudan grass against the background of N60P90K90application, also obtained the highest content of crude protein in dry matter of biomass – 20.6%. At the same time, the content of crude fat, crude fiber and NFE was, respectively, 3.56, 23.21 and 43.11%. The lowest feed value in the experiment was noted in crops of legume-cereal phytocenosis with millet.

FEATURES OF SUGAR SORGHUM PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T16:31:36+03:00

Sweet sorghum is currently a popular forage and bioenergy crop worldwide. Its high value lies in its ability to withstand drought conditions and grow in poor soils, making it an extremely promising crop in the context of climate change. In Ukraine, sweet sorghum is actively used for silage production, green biomass generation, and as a raw material for obtaining molasses and ethanol.The article presents the results of studies on the impact of different fertilization options on the productivity of sugar sorghum under the conditions of the Western region of Ukraine. The research was conducted at the experimental field of the Department of Forestry and Agricultural Management at Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University. The study used field, laboratory, mathematical, statistical, and calculation methods.It was established that the climatic conditions of the years under study differed significantly in terms of moisture availability. Specifically, in 2023, there was an excess of the long-term average precipitation, which contributed to stable plant growth, while in 2024, the amount of precipitation was below the norm, which influenced the dynamics of crop development.The impact of agronomic measures, including the application of mineral fertilizer N30P30K30, the growth regulator Black Jack KS, and the micronutrient fertilizer Intermag Titan, on growth, biometric indicators, and green biomass yield of sugar sorghum was analyzed. It was found that plant height is an important indicator of the crop’s adaptation to growing conditions and the level of agrochemical support.The most favorable weather conditions were observed in 2023, which contributed to the maximum plant height of the Favorit variety. In 2024, which was characterized by unfavorable weather conditions during the sowing period, the height of plants of the same variety was 4.6 cm lower and amounted to 215.8 cm.In the control variant, the green biomass yield of sugar sorghum during the study period was 56,2 t/ha. The use of the growth regulator Black Jack KS increased the yield to 60,2 t/ha, which was 6.6% higher than the control and 3,0% higher than the variant with mineral fertilizer application.Treatment with the micronutrient fertilizer Intermag Titan increased the yield to 61,5 t/ha, exceeding the control by 5,3 t/ha. The maximum yield of 63,2 t/ha was recorded with the combined application of the N30P30K30 fertilizer and Intermag Titan micronutrient, providing an 11,1% increase compared to the control. A high result was also achieved in the variant with combined use of N30P30K30 and Black Jack KS – 63,2 t/ha.The obtained results indicate the high potential of sugar sorghum as a crop capable of providing stable yield indicators under different weather conditions, provided that the elements of cultivation technology are optimized.

SUNFLOWER PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON FERTILISATION SYSTEM IN THE WESTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T16:34:21+03:00

The article presents the results of a study on the impact of different fertilization systems on sunflower productivity under the conditions of the Western region of Ukraine. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to increase the efficiency of sunflower cultivation as one of the leading oilseed crops, in the context of maintaining soil fertility and rational use of fertilizers. The specific climatic conditions of the Western region require a regionalized approach to the development of fertilization technologies.The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of various fertilization systems in forming sunflower yield, as well as to evaluate the agrobiological indicators of plant growth and development depending on the nutritional regime.The research was carried out using comparative-analytical, experimental, and calculation methods.The field trial was conducted on podzolic chernozem with light loamy texture, which is typical for the agro-landscapes of the Dniester agri-production zone of Ivano-Frankivsk region, in compliance with the region’s standard agronomic practices. Winter wheat served as the preceding crop.The results showed that the highest yield was provided by a combined fertilization system, which integrated the application of mineral fertilizers with biological preparations and by-products of the preceding crop. This integrated approach positively influenced plant morphometric indicators, particularly increasing head diameter, seed number, and seed weight. Additionally, improved plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions was observed, which is especially important in the context of climate change.The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the potential to adapt fertilization systems to the specific soil and climatic conditions of the Western region, with the aim of optimizing sunflower cultivation technologies, improving agro-industrial efficiency, and ensuring stable yields of oilseed crops.

PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON FERTILIZATION SYSTEM IN WESTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T16:37:16+03:00

Selection of maize hybrids adapted to specific growing conditions is an important condition for realising their biological yield potential. In today’s agricultural environment, increasing corn productivity is impossible without taking into account the impact of agro-climatic factors specific to a particular region, as well as optimising plant nutrition systems. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of different fertilisation systems on the productivity of maize hybrids in the Western region of Ukraine, taking into account the climatic characteristics of the zone, in order to optimise nutrients to ensure high yields.To achieve this goal, field studies were conducted, including phenological observations of the corn development stages, structural analysis of the crop and evaluation of the effectiveness of mineral nutrition. As a result, it was found that nitrogen fertilisers have a significant impact on the extension of the interphase periods “germination – panicle flowering” and “flowering – milk ripeness of grain”, thereby increasing the overall length of the growing season, which positively correlates with the level of yield. The most pronounced effect was recorded when using UAN-32 fertiliser, as well as the combined application of Urea + UAN.The maximum yields were obtained in the DKC 4897 hybrid with the most saturated fertiliser of N50P40K40 combined with the use of Urea + UAN at a rate of 150 kg/ha variant (B5): 15,6 t/ha, grain weight per cob – 133 g, weight of 1 000 grains – 295 g.The practical significance of the results obtained is the possibility of developing differentiated agrotechnologies for maize cultivation, taking into account not only the agrochemical characteristics of soils, but also the specific climatic conditions of the Western region of Ukraine. The proposed approach allows not only to increase the level of yield, but also to ensure the stability of corn production in the face of climate change and resource constraints.

EFFICIENCY OF COMPLEX APPLICATION OF GREEN MANURE WITH BIOFERTILIZERS FOR GROWING MAIZE FOR GRAIN

2025-07-24T16:40:43+03:00

It has been determined for Ukraine that from the point of view of the formation of optimized fertilization systems, the adaptation of green manure systems through the use of cruciferous green manure plant species – oil radish and white mustard, which are adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Forest-Steppe zone – is an urgent task. This method of fertilization, combined with mineral background nutrition, ensures the implementation of the principles of ecologization and biologization and promotes the return to adaptive soil conservation and soil rehabilitation technologies.Over a multi-year research period (2022–2024), the effectiveness of the green manure system with the inclusion of oil radish and white mustard against the background of the use of Organic Balance biofertilizer in the corn fertilization system on gray forest soils typical of the soil cover of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe zone was determined.According to the results of the research, it was found expedient to use a green manure option for growing corn for grain, which involves the use of Organic Balance biofertilizer at a rate of 2 l/ha in combination with the incorporation, by plowing, of a crushed mass of oil radish and white mustard with a total weight of 18 t/ha against the background of fertilizer at a rate of N60P60K60. The use of this technological variant allowed to reduce the overall level of weed infestation of corn by 49,4% (wet weight of weeds) and 55,0% (dry weight of weeds) and ensured the achievement of a yield of 8,18 t/ha with an increase to the control without green manure and the use of biofertilizer of 21,2%.

PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE

2025-07-24T16:43:56+03:00

In the current agricultural conditions of Ukraine, particularly in the southern region, where there is instability in climatic conditions, droughts, soil moisture deficits, and high temperatures, there is a need to improve the technologies for growing winter wheat, the leading cereal crop. Rational use of mineral nutrition, especially nitrogen fertilizers, is a key factor determining the yield level and grain quality.However, current practices show that general approaches to fertilization often do not take into account the varietal characteristics of crops, their response to nitrogen nutrition, and adaptability to the specific conditions of the region. In this context, it is crucial to determine the optimal level of nitrogen fertilization for widely used varieties of winter wheat that can ensure maximum productivity in the conditions of Southern Ukraine.The aim of the research is to establish the impact of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on the productivity of widely used varieties of winter wheat in the agro-climatic conditions of the southern region of Ukraine, with the goal of determining the most effective agronomic practices to increase yield and improve grain quality.The methods of problem analysis included field studies on experimental plots with the application of different nitrogen fertilizer rates (from zero background to increased modern doses), analysis of biometric indicators of plants, determination of yield, and laboratory analysis of the quality indicators of the grain. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the method of variance analysis to determine the reliability of the obtained data.The research results showed that the level of nitrogen fertilization has a significant impact on the formation of winter wheat yield. It was found that for certain varieties, optimal nitrogen doses are medium rates (N30), which provide high yields under moderate moisture conditions. With an increase in the fertilizer dose to N60, there is an increase in protein content and grain density indicators, but the economic efficiency of this dose needs to be verified. The best results for productivity and grain quality were demonstrated by varieties that combine high potential yield and adaptability to stressful conditions.The scientific novelty lies in identifying the varietal-specific response to the level of nitrogen fertilization in the non-irrigated conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, which allows for a differentiated approach to fertilization based on the biological characteristics of the variety. The research also allowed for identifying optimal “variety – fertilization level” combinations that provide the highest efficiency in terms of yield and quality.The practical significance of the results lies in the fact that they can be directly applied in the production practices of agricultural enterprises in the southern region of Ukraine, especially now when the area of irrigated land has been rapidly decreasing. The proposed nitrogen fertilization rates not only allow for obtaining consistently high yields but also ensure the economic feasibility of using mineral fertilizers, reducing production costs, and increasing the competitiveness of the product.

AGROECOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE FORMATION OF POTENTIAL YIELD OF LENTILS

2025-07-24T16:46:44+03:00

The article provides an analysis of lentil productivity indicators under various climatic conditions, as well as calculations of different categories of lentil crops using an agroclimatic model of productivity.Before the beginning of the Second World War, Ukraine held a leading position in the world in the cultivation and consumption of lentils. Now the knowledge about this extremely useful ancient culture is partially lost, but agronomists and breeders of Ukraine are returning to the cultivation of lentils in recent years. Due to its unique properties, lentils are called the bean queen.The introduction of legumes into crop rotation allows to reduce the application of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. Lentils are unique in that they are not able to accumulate nitrates and radionuclides, therefore, even grown in polluted areas, they are always an environmentally friendly product. Currently, Ukrainian farmers are paying increased attention to lentils, and this is due to the possibility of its widespread cultivation and high profitability indicators of up to 80–100%. Therefore, work on assessing the possibilities of growing lentils in different regions of Ukraine is relevant.According to the results of calculations, using a dynamic model, a characteristic of the efficiency of lentil cultivation in the Ternopil region was provided. An analysis of the favorable climatic conditions of this region in comparison with the needs of the crop in thermal, water and radiation resources were also conducted, efficiency coefficients and the level of economic use of meteorological and soil conditions were calculated. In addition, agroecological categories of lentil yields were also calculated at different levels of use of radiation resources.The calculations used average medium perennial meteorological and agrometeorological data in the Ternopil region, as well as data from phenological observations of lentil crops, series of average regional lentil yields from 1995 to 2023. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were provided on using the potential of agroclimatic resources to obtain maximum lentil yields.

LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES AS SORBENTS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF NATURAL WATERS FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: CURRENT STATUS AND APPLICATION PROSPECTS

2025-07-25T08:16:21+03:00

The article systematizes modern achievements in the application of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for the removal of petroleum products from natural waters. The influence of the chemical composition ([M²⁺₁₋ₓM³⁺ₓ(OH)₂]ᵡ⁺(Aⁿ⁻)ₓ/ₙ·m H₂O, де M²⁺ = Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺; M³⁺ = Al³⁺, Fe³⁺; Aⁿ⁻ = CO₃²⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻) on the sorption capacity for different classes of petroleum products (aliphatic, aromatic, polyaromatic compounds) is analyzed. The sorption mechanisms are presented, including: interlayer anion exchange, surface adsorption, chemisorption through hydroxyl groups. Special attention is paid to modified DLHs (organoclay composites, magnetic nanocomposites), which demonstrate increased efficiency (up to 98% removal) and ease of regeneration. The prospects for creating industrial filtration systems based on SHPG for liquidation of oil spills and wastewater treatment are discussed.Pollution of aquatic ecosystems by petroleum products is a critical environmental problem due to their toxicity, resistance to biodegradation and ability to bioaccumulate.Modern environmental challenges associated with oil pollution of aquatic ecosystems necessitate the development of highly effective methods for the secondary treatment of natural waters due to the growing threat of oil pollution. Annual global oil spills exceed 8 million tons. Traditional methods (mechanical collection, coagulation) are effective only for 60–70% of pollution. Exceptional toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons at concentrations > 0.01 mg/l.Traditional sorbents (activated carbon, zeolites) have limited effectiveness for emulsified forms of petroleum products. Layered double hydroxides are alternative sorption materials of a new generation for the purification of natural waters from petroleum products due to their unique combination of properties, namely: adjustable interlayer space (0.7–2.2 nm), high anion exchange capacity (up to 4 meq/g), the possibility of surface functionalization.The purpose of the scientific research is to study the use of layered double hydroxides for the sorption removal of petroleum products from natural waters, to analyze the key properties of layered double hydroxides of variable composition, which determine their effectiveness as sorbents (their adjustable chemical composition, high anion exchange capacity, ability to modify the surface). Studies of the mechanisms of sorption of petroleum products, including interlayer anion exchange, surface adsorption, chemisorption through functional groups. Evaluation of the effectiveness of different types of layered double hydroxides (Mg-Al, Zn-Al, Fe-containing) for the removal of light (gasoline) and heavy (fuel oil) fractions of petroleum products, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, emulsified forms. Determination of optimal conditions for sorption secondary purification (pH of the medium, contact time, mass of the sorbent, temperature). Analysis of promising areas for modifying layered double hydroxides to increase their effectiveness. Development of recommendations for the practical application of layered double hydroxides in industrial wastewater secondary purification systems, technologies for liquidating emergency oil spills, stationary treatment facilities. Practical significance. The results of the work can be used to improve existing water treatment methods, develop new environmentally safe sorbents, and prevent pollution of aquatic ecosystems by petroleum products.Economic and environmental benefits. Reduction of post-treatment costs by 40–60% compared to membrane methods. Possibility of using spent sorbents in road construction.

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOGENIC POLLUTION ON SOILS OF SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN ZHYTOMYR

2025-07-25T08:21:49+03:00

The relevance of the study is due to the need to assess the impact of technogenic pollution on soils of sanitary protection zones (SPP) of industrial enterprises, which is important for ensuring the ecological safety of urbanized areas. This issue is especially relevant for areas where the SPPs of several industrial facilities overlap, which can exacerbate negative environmental consequences.The purpose of the study is to determine the physicochemical properties of soils, the content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni) and the level of background radiation within the SPP of a polymer fiber production enterprise in the city of Zhytomyr.The research methods included soil sampling within the sanitary protection zone, laboratory determination of soil acidity (active, exchangeable, hydrolytic), analysis of heavy metal concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and measurement of background radiation (γ- and β-radiation).A geobotanical analysis of vegetation cover was carried out using the Turboveg software to assess the degree of synanthropization and transformation of plant communities under the influence of technogenic load.The results showed that the acidity of the soils is within the neutral and weakly alkaline environment.Exceedance of the maximum permissible concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Co) was detected, which indicates a significant technogenic load. The radiation background does not exceed the norm.Geobotanical analysis revealed a significant spread of synanthropic and invasive plant species, in particular Solidago canadensis L.The scientific novelty of the work lies in establishing the spatial features of the distribution of heavy metals and their dependence on soil acidity in the overlap zone of the enterprises’ SPZ.The practical significance of the study lies in using the obtained results for environmental monitoring of industrial areas, assessing the level of pollution and developing recommendations for managing technogenic load on urban ecosystems.

MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF THE DICRANO-PINETUM ASSOCIATION IN THE TERRITORY OF ZHYTOMYR POLISSYA

2025-07-25T08:30:44+03:00

The relevance of the study is due to the need to predict changes in forest ecosystems of Polissya in conditions of increasing anthropogenic impact and global climate change. One of the important components of the forest ecosystems of the region is the Dicrano-Pinetum association, which is represented mainly by pine forests with a characteristic moss-lichen cover. Studying the dynamics of this association under the influence of a complex of ecological factors is an important scientific task, the results of which allow us to assess the impact of environmental changes on the structure and functioning of ecosystems, which is the basis for making decisions on natural resource management.The purpose of the work is to analyze phytocenotic diversity and predict the dynamics of the Dicrano- Pinetum association in the territory of Zhytomyr Polissya in conditions of climate change and anthropogenic impact.To achieve the set goal, a set of methods was applied: route-expedition method of geobotanical research, synphytoindication analysis (according to the Didukh-Plyuta scale), cluster analysis using Turboveg and Juice software tools, mathematical forecasting methods based on Markov chains and the Simargl software package. An analysis of environmental factors, such as soil moisture, thermal regime, level of climate continentality and anthropogenic load was conducted.The results of the study indicate a high biological diversity of the Dicrano-Pinetum association with a typical dominance of Scots pine and mosses (Dicranum polysetum, Polytrichum commune). It was found that the composition of the association significantly depends on the thermal regime, humidity and anthropogenic load. Three main scenarios of possible changes in the association in the future were developed: preservation of structural stability, transformation to mixed forests under conditions of increased humidity and temperature, degradation of moss cover under conditions of increased climate continentality.The scientific novelty of the work lies in the integrated use of modern methodological approaches to predicting successional changes in the Dicrano-Pinetum association using Markov modeling and synphytoindication analysis.The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the obtained results to develop effective environmental protection strategies and rational management of forest ecosystems of Polissya.

ASSESSMENT OF OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA RAF., 1820 DISTRIBUTION PROSPECTS IN EUROPE UNDER GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

2025-07-25T08:36:01+03:00

Species of the family Cactaceae – Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf., 1820 belongs to a group of cacti of American origin that are protected in their native area but have spread to many regions of the globe and exhibit a pronounced tendency towards naturalization. In recent years, the expansion of this species has also been observed in the continental part of Ukraine. To predict the potential for further spread of this species, we conducted modeling of the current bioclimatic niche of O. humifusa based on open-access data and established the species’ tolerance limits to key bioclimatic environmental parameters. The most significant parameters determining the potential distribution of the species were precipitation, solar radiation seasonality, lowest weekly radiation, radiation of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, and minimum temperature of the coldest month. The obtained model demonstrates high reliability (AUC = 0,996), and its omission rate aligns well with the predicted omission dynamics calculated for test data derived from the Maxent distribution itself. The model of the potential current area of O. humifusa indicates that only a part of Ukraine’s territory (the southern part) falls within climatic conditions suitable for the species’ existence. Optimal climatic conditions for the species are found only in a few localized zones. Modeling the future dynamics of the species’ area under the influence of climate change suggests its significant expansion and northward shift in the near future. The primary changes are observed in the areas and spatial configuration of zones with varying suitability for the species’ existence. The optimal zone practically disappears in the 2080 model.Moderately suitable and suitable climatic regions significantly expand in the models up to 2080 and shift towards the northern regions of Europe.

ASSESSMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF THE IMPACT OF OPEN-PIT MINING OF THE MEZHYRICHNE TITANIUM PLACER DEPOSIT ON GROUNDWATER

2025-07-25T08:45:20+03:00

The intensive open-pit mining of alluvial titanium ores at the Mezhyrichne deposit increases the risk of groundwater pollution, which generally affects the state of the region’s water resources. The lack of a systematic assessment of the intensity of this impact makes it difficult to develop effective groundwater protection measures. The development of a methodology for analyzing the level of water pollution and assessing the effectiveness of environmental protection measures is an urgent scientific and practical task. The study is aimed at developing and implementing a methodology for assessing the intensity of hydrochemical impact of open-pit mining on groundwater within the Mezhyrichne placer titanium ore deposit. The focus is on assessing the current state of groundwater and the dynamics of changes in its chemical composition based on post-project monitoring data. Based on the analysis of post-project monitoring data for 2020–2022, it was found that in the areas of influence of quarries and concentrators, there is a gradual increase in the concentrations of pollutants typical for the area and for mining activities. A tendency to increase the arithmetic mean values of relative concentrations of pollutants in groundwater was revealed, which indicates an increased impact on groundwater from either anthropogenic or natural factors. The analysis of seasonal changes confirmed that the level of groundwater pollution can vary depending on changes in hydrogeological conditions and intensity of production activities, as well as changes in climatic factors.For the first time, the intensity of the impact of mining activities on groundwater was assessed within the Mezhyrichne deposit using the developed methodology. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of changes in the chemical composition of groundwater was performed using post-project monitoring data to assess the effectiveness of environmental protection measures. The results obtained are important for the environmental service of the enterprise, as they allow timely detection of threats to groundwater and development of measures to minimize them. The developed methodology for assessing the intensity of groundwater pollution allows for a comprehensive analysis of the ecological state of groundwater in the conditions of open-pit mining of titanium ores. The proposed approach can serve as a basis for confirming the effectiveness or, if necessary, improving the already implemented water protection measures within the activities of mining enterprises.

RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND ITS RADIOECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY OPERATIONS

2025-07-25T08:48:13+03:00

The relevance of the presented research is related to the increased attention to the organisation of radiation and radioecological monitoring on the territory of Ukraine during military operations. This is due to increased risks of radioecological accidents, threats of changes in the radiation situation, and release of radionuclides into the atmosphere as a result of constant shelling of the territories near NPPs by Russian missiles and drones.The objective is to conduct radioecological studies to assess the radionuclide composition of precipitation from the atmosphere in Mykolaiv and Mykolaiv region, the effective dose rate of atmospheric air and to develop proposals for optimising radioecological monitoring of atmospheric air during military operations.The research methods were an analysis of the current system of radiation monitoring of atmospheric air in Ukraine, analysis of cases of recording changes in the radionuclide composition of atmospheric air due to the movement of a radioactive cloud, results of own observations of the level of effective dose rate and radiometry of atmospheric precipitati The article presents the results of studies on effective dose rate, level of total beta activity of atmospheric precipitation, content of 137Cs in atmospheric precipitation in Mykolaiv in 2023-2024, comparative analysis with the indicators of previous years and in the settlements of Mykolaiv region. To fully assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the current system of radioecological monitoring of atmospheric air, the results of radiometry of atmospheric air samples in the Mykolaiv region during the movement of the radioactive cloud with ruthenium-106 in autumn 2017 are presented. The scientific novelty lies in expanding the understanding of the radioecological situation during military operations, which may be determined by an additional load due to the spread of pure beta-emitting radionuclides in space and will require additional survey. The practical significance of the presented results lies in obtaining field research data for dosimetry of the population of Mykolaiv and Mykolaiv region during military actions of the Russian Federation, for cartographic modelling of the current formation of individual and collective external dose to the population in certain areas.

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2025-07-25T09:02:36+03:00

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the possibilities of applying systems analysis as a tool for environmental management in the context of assessing environmental quality.The relevance of introducing a systems approach for solving complex environmental tasks is substantiated, considering the increasing anthropogenic pressure, climate change, and global ecological challenges. It is demonstrated that traditional linear methods of environmental assessment are insufficient for understanding complex interactions within socio-ecological-economic systems, necessitating the integration of systems thinking into the decision-making process. It is determined that systems analysis ensures the structuring of objectives, formalization of alternatives, forecasting of the consequences of management actions, and optimization of decisions based on interdisciplinary coordination of parameters.The paper analyzes key systems analysis methods, including goal tree construction, expert evaluation methods (including the modified Delphi method), morphological analysis, scenario modeling, and multicriteria assessment. The results of applying these methods for developing models of water resource quality management, environmental risk assessment, and spatial planning are presented.Special attention is paid to the integration of systems analysis with geographic information systems, which allows the visualization of spatial risk distribution and enhances the accuracy of strategic decisions in the field of environmental management. It is emphasized that the systems approach provides comprehensive assessment capabilities, considers the spatiotemporal dynamics of changes, analyzes development scenarios, and supports the formation of adaptive management strategies.It has been established that the implementation of systems analysis promotes the transition to an integrated model of environmental management aimed at the sustainable use of natural resources, prevention of environmental risks, and strengthening the ecosystem resilience of territories. The necessity of developing digital platforms for systems analysis, improving expert evaluation mechanisms, and training a new generation of specialists capable of effectively applying this approach in the practice of environmental monitoring, strategic planning, and natural resource management is emphasized.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

2025-07-25T09:06:45+03:00

The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Ukraine, particularly at the regional level, is an important stage in the integration of global environmental standards into national policy.This strategy envisages the achievement of the 17 SDGs approved at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development in 2015, taking into account national characteristics and priorities. Particular attention is paid to environmental aspects, as the regions of Ukraine face various environmental problems that require an integrated approach to their solution. One of the main environmental problems is environmental pollution, in particular water resources, soil and atmosphere. According to the Ministry of Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine, more than 32% of landfills and landfills for solid household waste require certification, 5% are overloaded with volumes exceeding the established standards, and 13% do not meet the operating standards for environmental safety parameters. Almost 33 thousand unauthorized landfills are detected annually, covering an area of over 1 thousand hectares. These factors contribute to the pollution of water resources, in particular in the waters of the Sea of Azov, which negatively affects the ecological state of the region and the economic situation, in particular the tourism industry. Another significant problem is land degradation, in particular soil erosion, which covers 57% of the territory of Ukraine. More than 500 million tons of soil are washed away annually, which leads to significant economic losses. This requires the implementation of effective measures to protect land resources and preserve biodiversity. For the effective implementation of the SDGs at the regional level, it is necessary to develop and implement sustainable development strategies that take into account the specifics of each region. These strategies should be based on the principles of sustainability, environmental safety and social justice. An important aspect is the involvement of local communities in the process of planning and implementing environmental projects, which will contribute to increasing the effectiveness and sustainability of these initiatives. Thus, the implementation of the SDGs with an emphasis on regional environmental problems is a key direction for ensuring sustainable development in Ukraine. This requires a comprehensive approach, integration of environmental, economic and social aspects, as well as active participation of local communities in the decision-making process. Only with the effective implementation of these strategies can sustainable development be achieved at the regional level and ensure environmental security for future generations.

ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF PHYTOTOXICITY OF CHERNOZEM SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH OIL PRODUCTS

2025-07-25T09:10:46+03:00

The article discusses the problem of soil pollution by oil products and their impact on soil phytotoxicity, which is a key indicator for assessing the ecological state of natural environments. Soil phytotoxicity is defined as its ability to negatively affect seed germination and plant development, which is an important indicator of pollution. The influence of different concentrations of petroleum products on radish seed germination and morphological parameters of test plants, such as sprout length, was analyzed. The experimental data demonstrate a clear relationship between the level of soil contamination and inhibition of seed germination. The highest rate of seed germination (76,0%) was observed on clean soil, while with an increase in the concentration of the pollutant to 10 g/kg, this figure decreased to 30,0%. At extremely high contamination (100 g/kg), no plant germination occurred at all. A similar trend was observed for biometric indicators. In particular, on the seventh day on clean soil, the length of the sprouts averaged 3,5 cm, and significantly decreased to 1,5 cm in the variant with a pollution concentration of 10 g/kg of soil. At a high level of pollution, plant germination did not occur at all. On day 10, a gradual decrease in the length of the sprouts was observed with an increase in the concentration of the pollutant – from 7,8 cm on clean soil to 6,6 cm with pollution at 1,0 MPC. A significant decrease in this parameter compared to clean soil was observed with an increase in the concentration of pollution to 10,0 MPC and 100 MPC. The phytotoxicity of the soil, determined by length of sprouts, increased as the test plants grew and depended on the concentration of pollution. With minimal soil contamination (0,5–1,0 MPC), the level of phytotoxicity was 6,6–15,0%, depending on the variant and day of observation. At a concentration of 10,0 g/kg, the phytotoxicity reached 35,0%, and at 100,0 g/kg – a critical level (77,0–100,0%), which makes the soil practically unsuitable for normal plant development.The results emphasize the high sensitivity of plants to the presence of oil products in the soil. Oil products can disrupt the water regime of the soil, reduce the availability of nutrients and create toxic conditions that inhibit cellular respiration and cell division during germination. In addition, petroleum products form a dense oil film on the soil surface, which prevents oxygen from reaching the seeds. Toxic substances can penetrate into the cells, disrupting the functioning of enzyme systems necessary for germination and further growth.

PROSPECTS OF USING CHEMICAL MEANS TO CONTROL WOOD PLANT PESTS IN URBAN CONDITIONS USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF CHERKASY

2025-07-25T09:15:39+03:00

In Ukraine, the common horse chestnut Aesculus hyppocastanum is extremely common in urban ecosystems. Outbreaks of reproduction and spread of insect pests are often observed on trees in urban ecosystems, which reduces the viability and decorative qualities of plants. Since 1998, the chestnut borer moth (Cameraria ohridella Deschka (Lepidoptera, Gracillaridae)) has rapidly spread across the territory of Ukraine, leading to massive damage to horse chestnut and widespread premature defoliation, resulting in the weakening of trees and a decrease in their adaptive capabilities. The impossibility of openly using insecticides in an urban environment led to the development in European countries of a method for immunizing urban woody vegetation by introducing chemical preparations into the xylem of the plant trunk for protection – stem injection. The experience of using neonicotinoids in vegetative endotherapy of trees has shown their dangerous consequences not only for bees, but also for other urban fauna, which led to the ban of drugs of this group in Europe in 2018. Syngenta has developed a tree plant protection program Tree Care based on the innovative drug Revive, a second – generation insecticide.During 2022–2024, a study was conducted in Cherkasy on the effectiveness of the use of the drug Revive by immunizing 1,5 thousand chestnut Aesculus hyppocastanum in the central district of the city.The effectiveness of the drug was assessed using visual observations of the degree of damage to the leaf blade of trees in the summer period. The best results of tree immunization were observed in the first year after stem injections. The reasons for the decrease in the effectiveness of the drug after two years of insecticide protection may be complex (a combination of negative environmental factors of urban ecosystems and a weakened physiological state of plants). The high cost of treating trees with this drug significantly limits the possibilities of using Rivayvu by urban utilities and requires attracting private investment to maintain long-term programs to preserve and protect urban tree plantations from pests.