MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE LIVER IN BIGHEAD CARP (HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS NOBILIS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/naturaljournal.12.2025.2Keywords:
vertebrates, comparative anatomy, microscopic structure, organ studies, bony fish, hepatocytes, organellesAbstract
To determine the ecological and toxicological situation and assess the impact of various adverse factors in the aquatic environment on aquatic organisms, it is essential to conduct a morphological analysis of specific organs that are most susceptible to negative influences.This article presents the results of research on the histological and ultrastructural features of the liver in a bony fish from the Cyprinidae family – the bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) (Eschmeyer, 2003). An analysis of the microstructure of the liver tissue was conducted using light microscopy and ultrastructural methods, which allowed for the identification of key morphological and functional characteristics of the organ.It has been established that during the phylogenetic development of fish living in aquatic environments, a certain structural reorganization of the liver occurs. Adaptations to various environmental conditions were accompanied by changes in several morphological parameters of the liver. In the bighead carp (a herbivorous species), the liver is trilobate. A distinctive feature of the bighead carp’s liver is the presence of a hepatopancreas – a combined organ formed by the liver and pancreas.A characteristic feature of the microscopic structure of the Cyprinidae liver is the poorly developed interlobular connective tissue. The liver parenchyma has a tubular structure in the form of polygonal, irregularly shaped thick-walled tubules, with their walls composed of hepatocytes. These tubules are surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries that facilitate effective metabolic exchange between the blood and liver cells, contributing to detoxification and nutrient processing. Large glycogen deposits are also observed in these tubules, indicating a high level of metabolic activity and the liver’s ability to store energy resources.The study examined the condition of hepatocytes, the vascular system of the liver, and structural changes arising from various ecological and physiological factors. The primary adaptive mechanisms of liver tissue that ensure its functional activity in the bighead carp were identified. The results obtained expand and complement existing knowledge on the macro- and micro- scopic structure of the liver, contributing to the fields of anatomy, histology, comparative anatomy, zoology, and related disciplines regarding the species-specific features of Cyprinidae fish.
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