ANALYSIS OF THE VIRULENCE OF THE PATHOGEN BLUMERIA GRAMINIS F. SP. HORDEI AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BARLEY RESISTANCE GENES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/naturaljournal.12.2025.18Keywords:
barley, powdery mildew, resistance genes, virulence genesAbstract
The article analyzes the frequency dynamics of virulence genes of the barley powdery mildew pathogen and the effectiveness of resistance genes. It is shown that in Ukrainian agroecosystems there was a highly variable pathogen population, similar to the populations of neighboring countries. A comparative analysis was conducted with modern populations of the pathogen in Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, and an analysis of populations from Australia, Kazakhstan and China was provided. It was found that the most effective remains the non-specific resistance gene mlo, for which no virulent isolates were detected. Its effectiveness is very stable even after 43 years of its presence in commercial varieties, despite the fact that these varieties have prevailed in Europe for at least the last three decades. The share of newly registered varieties with this gene increased from 63% in 2006–2010 to 83% during 2016–2020. The resistance of the Mla3, Mlk, Sl-1, Mla1 genes was confirmed and partial overcoming of resistance was reported for the MILa+Mla7 gene combination. The effectiveness of the Mlp gene in Europe was lost and an increase in virulence was detected due to the new resistance gene MlVe.A new resistance gene was identified and named mlmr. Comparison of the genetic structure of Bgh populations in Kazakhstan with populations in Europe, Africa, Australia and Southeast Asia revealed differences. Based on the combined results of the virulence and resistance analysis, it is reported that the virulence gene Vp1 is becoming the main factor contributing to the increase in virulence complexity and pathotype diversity in Central Europe. A general trend of increasing genetic diversity of pathogens has been established, which causes a gradual loss of the effectiveness of most monogenic resistance genes. Stable barley cultivation in conditions of constant pathogen evolution requires strategic use of resistant genotypes, introduction of new sources of resistance, and continuous monitoring of barley powdery mildew pathogen populations both in Ukraine and in Europe.
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