THERMODYNAMIC FEATURES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF RAW MATERIALS AS A SOURCE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE GENERATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/naturaljournal.15.2026.13Keywords:
electrochemical technologies, wastes, the principle of thermodynamic duality, entropy, thermodynamic disequilibriumAbstract
The paper considers the issues of the specifics of the origin of industrial waste in electrochemical and related technological processes, which are somewhat different from similar mechanisms inherent in other technologies. It is shown that electrochemical waste, as a rule, has the properties not of primary raw materials, but fundamentally other substances that are created due to the action of electrochemical forces of the atomic level, which have a city in such reactions, and associated with the unified principle of thermodynamic duality, which includes the divisibility of the system in relation to its thermodynamic disequilibrium of raw material components. In particular, in such processes, along with chemical phenomena, there is heat and mass transfer at the microscopic level, diffusion, etc. phenomena. The purpose of the research is to identify mechanisms and create conditions for minimizing waste in electrochemical technological processes. As a basis for such research, the use of methods of thermodynamic analysis of complex systems, based on the principles of thermodynamic duality, as a mechanism for reproduction and minimization of waste within the technological process itself, is proposed. This requires an integrated approach to the issues of waste generation, which in this case are both products of chemical reactions and the result of thermodynamic processes, not counting auxiliary processes focused on the transformation of by-products of electrochemical reactions. It is shown that in such technologies there are several causes of waste, and each of them requires its own mechanism of waste generation. It is proposed to divide industrial waste into those resulting from the main electrochemical transformations and those related to the provision of industrial technology. Thermodynamic conditions, due to the introduction of additional energy of a different quality (or changing the quality of basic electrical energy by modifying it), which is able to change the state of the waste-generating part of raw materials, can become the basis for minimizing electrochemical waste. At the same time, the conditions of the ratio between additional and basic energies are met in the proportion E E w 0 0,62 0 that makes up the scientific and applied parts of the work.
References
Волошин В.С. Відходи та їх природа. Маріуполь – Київ : СПД Самченко, 2024a. 630 с.
Волошин В.С. Відходи та термодинаміка. Маріуполь – Київ : СПД Самченко, 2024b. 80 с.
Волошин В.С. Використання металургійних відходів для виробництва геополімерів. Екологічна безпека: проблеми і шляхи вирішення : зб. наук. статей. Харків : УкрНДІЕП, 2025. С. 109–116.
Волошин В.С., Бурко В.А. Інверсійні механізми мінімізації промислових відходів у технологічних процесах. Екологічна безпека: проблеми та шляхи вирішення : зб. наук. статей. Харків : УкрНДІЕП, 2025a. С. 142–151.
Волошин В.С., Бурко В.А. Особливості мінімізації відходів у технологічному процесі виробництва хліба. Вісник Приазовського державного технічного університету. Сер. Технічні науки. 2025b. Вип. 51. С. 223–230. https://doi.org/10.31498/2225-6733.51.2025.344955
Atkins P., de Paula J. Physical Chemistry. 11th Edition. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2018. P. 188–240.
Barbir F. PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice. San Diego : Academic Press, Elsevier, 2012. 456 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387710-9.00001-3.
Bard A.J., Faulkner L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd ed. New York : Wiley, 2001. 864 p.
Bessarabov D., Wang H., Li H., Zhao N. PEM Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Principles and Applications. CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), 2015. 401 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19096.
Bird R.B., Stewart W.E., Lightfoot E.N. Transport Phenomena. Revised 2nd ed. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 2002. P. 895–912.
Carmo M., Fritz D.L., Mergel J., Stolten D. Comprehensive Review on PEM Water Electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2013. Vol. 38. Issue 12. Amsterdam. P. 4901–4934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151.
Chen G., Chen X., Yue P.-L. Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Separation and Purification Technology. Elsevier. 2003. Vol. 38. P. 11–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00046-6.
Ghan J. Electrocatalysis of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Springer, 2008. P. 23–65.
Hauch A., Ebbesen S.D., Jensen S.H., Mogensen M. Highly Efficient High Temperature Electrolysis. Journal of Materials Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry). Amsterdam, 2008. Vol. 18. Issue 20. P. 2331–2340. https://doi.org/10.1039/B716068A.
Laguna-Bercero M.A. Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Using Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Review. Journal of Power Sources. 2014. P. 72–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.021.
О Hayre R., Cha S.-W., Colella W., Prinz F.-B. Fuel Cell Fundamentals. New York : John Wiley & Sons, 2008. 604 p.
Prigogine I., Defay R. Chemical Thermodynamics. London : Longmans, 1967. 543 p.
Smolinka T., Gunther M., Garche J. NOW Study: Stand und Entwicklungspotenzial der Wasserelektrolyse zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff aus regenerativen Energien. Freiburg : Fraunhofer ISE, 2011. 445 p.
Tromans D. Thermodynamics of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Hydrometallurgy. Elsevier. 2000. Vol. 62. P. 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00136-9.
