Retraction Policy

The journal adheres to international standards of publication ethics and applies a retraction procedure in cases where significant issues or errors are identified that affect the reliability of the published research.

An article may be retracted in cases of:

• plagiarism or self-plagiarism;
• data fabrication or falsification;
• significant errors that invalidate the findings;
• duplicate publication;
• copyright infringement;
• undisclosed conflicts of interest;
• other serious violations of academic integrity.

A retraction may be initiated by the Editorial Board, authors, reviewers, readers or other interested parties.

Procedure

• The Editorial Board conducts an investigation of the reported issue.
• Independent experts may be consulted if necessary.
• Authors are given the opportunity to respond and provide explanations.
• A decision is made based on an objective assessment of all available information.

If the grounds for retraction are confirmed:

• an official retraction notice is published;
• the article is clearly marked as retracted;
• the full text remains accessible with appropriate labeling to ensure transparency of the scholarly record.

If the identified issues do not significantly affect the validity of the research, the journal may issue:

• a corrigendum or erratum;
• an updated version of the article without full retraction.